In a stark update on the deteriorating condition of our planet, an international assembly of climate experts has reported that the Earth’s vital signs have declined to levels never before witnessed in human history. This critical state threatens the very fabric of life on our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-scientific-consensus">Unprecedented scientific consensus</h2>



Led by William Ripple, a prominent figure from the Oregon State University <a href="https://www.forestry.oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">College of Forestry</a>, and Christopher Wolf, formerly associated with OSU, a team comprising 12 scientists has delivered a grim prognosis on Earth&#8217;s vital signs in their paper published in <a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/biosci/biad080" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BioScience</a>. 



Titled &#8220;The 2023 State of the climate report: Entering uncharted territory,&#8221; the study underscores that a staggering 20 out of 35 planetary vital signs used as barometers for climate health have hit record extremes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-on-the-brink">World on the brink</h2>



&#8220;Without decisive steps to address the fundamental issue of humanity&#8217;s overconsumption of the Earth&#8217;s resources, we are navigating towards the potential disintegration of natural and socioeconomic systems,&#8221; Wolf stated, painting a picture of a future marred by intolerable heat, food scarcity, and water shortages.



The authors highlight alarming data from 2023, pointing out that numerous records related to climate and Earth&#8217;s vital signs have been shattered &#8220;by enormous margins.&#8221; This includes unprecedented ocean temperatures, drastic reductions in sea ice, and an extraordinary Canadian wildfire season contributing to record levels of carbon dioxide emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-echoes-of-past-warnings">Echoes of past warnings</h2>



This report is not the first of its kind. It follows a significant &#8220;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-pushed-earth-to-code-red/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency</a>&#8221; published four years ago, where Ripple, alongside other collaborators, received support from over 15,000 scientists from 161 countries. 



Despite these earlier calls to action, little progress has been made, with Ripple emphasizing, &#8220;Life on our planet is unmistakably under assault.&#8221;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-climate-health-statistics">Alarming climate health statistics</h2>



The report lays bare several shocking statistics that outline why Earth&#8217;s vital signs are at an all-time low.



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-chief-fossil-fuel-era-must-end-for-humanitys-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fossil fuel</a> subsidies saw a staggering increase from $531 billion to over $1 trillion between 2021 and 2022, incentivizing harmful emissions. </li>



<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-amplify-risks-for-socially-vulnerable-populations-in-western-states/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildfires</a> in Canada alone have already contributed more than 1 gigaton of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere in 2023, surpassing the nation&#8217;s total greenhouse gas emissions the previous year. </li>



<li>A concerning trend in global temperature rise, with 38 days already recorded where temperatures were more than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">1.5 degrees Celsius</a> above pre-industrial levels. </li>



<li>July experienced the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/july-was-earths-hottest-month-in-120000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">highest average</a> Earth surface temperature on record, likely the most extreme in the last 100,000 years.</li>
</ul>



Wolf expressed deep concern, stating, &#8220;As scientists, the sudden escalation in the frequency and intensity of climate-related disasters is deeply unsettling.&#8221;



The study cautions that these disasters&#8217; frequency and intensity might even be accelerating faster than temperature rises. The paper forecasts a dire future, where 3 to 6 billion people will find themselves in uninhabitable conditions by the end of this century.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-vital-signs-need-transformative-policies">Earth&#8217;s vital signs need transformative policies</h2>



The scientific community is advocating for policies that address &#8220;ecological overshoot,&#8221; a scenario where humanity&#8217;s demands exceed the Earth&#8217;s capacity, resulting in numerous environmental crises, including a decline in biodiversity.



They argue that solutions focusing solely on carbon or climate will fall short of repairing Earth&#8217;s vital signs unless the overarching pressures on global systems are alleviated. As Ripple puts it, the scientific community has a &#8220;moral duty&#8221; to guide humanity away from potential existential threats and lead action-driven dialogues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steering-towards-a-just-sustainable-future">Steering towards a just, sustainable future</h2>



The paper calls for a comprehensive overhaul of global economic practices. The authors of the study urge a transition that foregrounds human well-being, curtails excessive consumption, and drastically reduces affluent populations&#8217; emissions.



Key policy recommendations to reverse the decline of Earth&#8217;s vital signs include:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Eliminating fossil fuel subsidies. </li>



<li>Encouraging shifts towards plant-based diets. </li>



<li>Amplifying efforts to protect global forest areas. </li>



<li>Establishing international treaties focused on eliminating coal and preventing new fossil fuel exploration.</li>
</ul>



The authors underscore the necessity for equity and social justice in all climate-related decisions. They clearly recognize the disproportionate impact of climate calamities on the world&#8217;s most impoverished populations, who have the smallest carbon footprints.



In a world where climate-related disasters are becoming the norm rather than the exception, this clarion call from the scientific community is more urgent than ever. It implores global leaders, decision-makers, and individuals alike to embark on a more sustainable path, with the understanding that the very future of life on Earth hinges on the actions humanity takes now.



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Life under siege: Earth’s vital signs reach an all-time low

Researchers have recently concluded that the global goal of limiting warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels is now almost certainly out of reach.&nbsp;



This stark finding suggests that the years ahead will almost inevitably break existing heat records - no matter how quickly greenhouse gas emissions decline.



The study, published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/%202024GL111832" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>, indicates a 50% chance that even if humanity achieves current targets for rapidly reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a> to net-zero by the 2050s, global warming could breach two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limiting-global-warming-with-decarbonization">Limiting global warming with decarbonization </h2>



Previous research, including assessments by the <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a>, had concluded that such decarbonization would likely keep warming below two degrees.



Noah Diffenbaugh, a climate scientist at the <a href="https://sustainability.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability</a>, co-authored the study with <a href="https://www.colostate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado State University</a> climate scientist Elizabeth Barnes.



“We’ve been seeing accelerating impacts around the world in recent years, from heatwaves and heavy rainfall and other extremes,” said Diffenbaugh.



“This study suggests that, even in the best case scenario, we are very likely to experience conditions that are more severe than what we’ve been dealing with recently.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-warming-beyond-the-1-5-degree-threshold">Global warming beyond the 1.5-degree threshold</h2>



The new findings emphasize the speed at which the world is moving past critical warming goals. This year stands poised to surpass 2023 as Earth’s hottest year on record, with global average temperatures set to exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius (nearly 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels.&nbsp;



According to the study, there is a nine-in-ten chance that the hottest year this century will be at least half a degree Celsius hotter - even if the world manages rapid decarbonization.



These alarming projections underscore that surpassing the 1.5-degree threshold is no longer a question of “if” but “when.”&nbsp;



The significance is profound, given that this limit was a central target of the 2015 Paris Agreement, where nearly 200 nations pledged to keep warming “well below” two degrees while striving for 1.5 degrees.&nbsp;



The study aligns with a growing body of evidence indicating that the 1.5-degree benchmark will be crossed, shifting the conversation toward how much hotter the planet will become.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harnessing-ai-to-fine-tune-projections">Harnessing AI to fine-tune projections</h2>



For this research, Diffenbaugh and Barnes employed an innovative approach: they trained an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-reveals-hidden-climate-extremes-in-europe/">AI </a>system to forecast global temperatures under various emissions scenarios.&nbsp;



The AI integrated temperature and greenhouse gas data from extensive climate model simulations and real historical temperatures. Armed with these inputs, it provided more refined projections than previously possible.



“AI is emerging as an incredibly powerful tool for reducing uncertainty in future projections. It learns from the many climate model simulations that already exist, but its predictions are then further refined by real-world observations,” said Barnes, a professor of atmospheric science at Colorado State.



This technique reduces uncertainty and hones in on more precise outcomes. By improving accuracy, policymakers gain a clearer understanding of the future they face, potentially guiding more informed decisions about mitigation and adaptation strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surpassing-three-degrees-of-warming-nbsp">Surpassing three degrees of warming&nbsp;</h2>



A second paper by Barnes, Diffenbaugh, and co-author Sonia Seneviratne from ETH-Zurich suggests that many regions - including South Asia, the Mediterranean, Central Europe, and parts of sub-Saharan Africa - will surpass three degrees Celsius of warming by 2060 under scenarios of increasing emissions.&nbsp;



The study, published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad91ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Research Letters</a>, notes that this warming may come sooner than previous models anticipated, indicating that some parts of the world face rapidly intensifying climate conditions.



The significance of surpassing such thresholds is immense. The consequences of even minor increases in temperature can cascade into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-extreme-weather-events-are-escalating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather events</a>, crop failures, water shortages, and heightened risks to human health and infrastructure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-climate-extremes">Preparing for climate extremes</h2>



Both new studies build on earlier research by Diffenbaugh and Barnes that anticipated the timeline until warming goals are breached. However, rather than focusing solely on multi-year averages, the team shifted attention to the most extreme years and conditions.&nbsp;



This perspective offers a glimpse into a future where temperatures and weather events are more volatile and challenging than the current average conditions can convey.



“As we watched these severe impacts year after year, we became more and more interested in predicting how extreme the climate could get even if the world is fully successful at rapidly reducing emissions,” said Diffenbaugh.&nbsp;



This approach acknowledges that even meeting emissions targets may fail to shield humanity from extremes surpassing what we now experience.



For a scenario in which emissions are cut rapidly and reach net-zero in the 2050s - the most optimistic widely modeled scenario - there is a nine-in-ten chance that the hottest year this century will be at least 1.8 degrees Celsius hotter than pre-industrial times.&nbsp;



Moreover, there is a two-in-three chance it will be at least 2.1 degrees hotter. If emissions remain too high to reach net-zero by 2100, a nine-in-ten chance emerges that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-shatters-heat-records-earths-hottest-year-is-here/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hottest year</a> will be three degrees Celsius hotter. Under such circumstances, many regions could experience anomalies at least triple what occurred in 2023.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapting-to-a-new-normal">Adapting to a new normal</h2>



The projections highlight that even with robust decarbonization, the world must brace for greater extremes. Historically, climate policy and investment have prioritized mitigation - reducing carbon emissions - over adaptation, which focuses on reducing vulnerability to climate impacts.&nbsp;



Decarbonization spending outpaces adaptation investments worldwide, as seen in policies like the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act in the United States.



“Our results suggest that even if all the effort and investment in decarbonization is as successful as possible, there is a real risk that, without commensurate investments in adaptation, people and ecosystems will be exposed to climate conditions that are much more extreme than what they are currently prepared for,” Diffenbaugh warned.



Adapting to these changed conditions will be essential. Without measures to increase resilience - such as improved infrastructure, healthcare systems prepared for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recognizing-symptoms-heat-related-illness-as-global-temperatures-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat-related illnesses</a>, agriculture tailored to new climate realities, and water resources managed to handle drought or flood - societies risk severe disruptions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-thresholds-into-severe-climate-extremes-nbsp">Beyond thresholds into severe climate extremes&nbsp;</h2>



As the planet warms and thresholds are surpassed, scientists and policymakers alike must grapple with uncertainty.&nbsp;



The research reveals a persistent gap between decarbonization goals and the severity of future extremes.&nbsp;



Meanwhile, the AI-driven approach to refine climate projections may become a cornerstone of climate modeling, offering a more accurate and immediate window into what lies ahead.



The new knowledge that even optimistic emission scenarios may not prevent severe climate extremes underscores the importance of immediate and comprehensive action.&nbsp;



Ensuring that investments in both mitigation and adaptation proceed in tandem could help protect human communities, ecosystems, and the global economy from the worst consequences of an increasingly warming world.



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Limiting global warming to 1.5°C is ‘almost certainly’ out of reach 

Researchers have recently concluded that the global goal of limiting...

Dried,Marjoram,Or,Oregano,On,A,Black,Background,,Fresh,Marjoram

Many people experience everyday struggles when they cannot move as easily as they once did. They feel frustrated when their joints start aching and stiffening, and they find that doing even simple daily chores feels like pulling teeth.



They try various options -- exercises, pain relievers, and different foods -- hoping that something will help them feel more like themselves again.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-different-way-to-think-about-aching-joints">Different way to think about aching joints</h2>



Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease that affects the joints, causing pain, stiffness, and loss of movement. 



It occurs when the cartilage that covers the ends of the bones wears down over time, causing the bones to rub directly against each other. This issue can arise due to aging, previous injuries, or other factors.



According to the <a href="https://rheumatology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American College of Rheumatology</a>, more than 58.5 million American adults have been diagnosed with a rheumatic disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connecting-everyday-choices-with-comfort">Connecting everyday choices with comfort</h2>



For those who suffer from osteoarthritis, diet is a potentially important aspect of the treatment. 



Certain foods can relieve pain; for example, oregano is a herb with anti-inflammatory benefits that can be effective in pain relief.



While many folks already have oregano in the kitchen, they might not realize what this herb brings to the table. It is often used in cooking, but some may never have thought much about its effects on the body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-layers-behind-a-familiar-flavor">Hidden layers behind a familiar flavor</h2>



And the truth is that oregano has a multitude of useful properties and health benefits.



A few years ago, a team of scientists even found that carvacrol, the substance in oregano oil that gives this herb its distinctive warm, aromatic smell and flavor, is effective against norovirus. 



The substance breaks down the virus’s tough outer layer, according to research published in the <a href="https://enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jam.12453">Journal of Applied Microbiology.</a>



This kind of information may give people a pause. It shows that something as unassuming as a kitchen spice can have unexpected effects that go beyond adding flavor. 



If a small herb can show such potential in one area, there might be more layers yet to uncover.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-research-from-europe-suggests">What research from Europe suggests</h2>



Among the health benefits of oregano, there is one that has been highlighted by the <a href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bonn</a> in Germany and the <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology</a> in Zurich in Switzerland. 



Oregano provides an active ingredient known as beta-caryophyllene (E-BCP) that has a positive impact on reducing joint pain and inflammation, which is why it is highly recommended as a preventative treatment for osteoarthritis.



People who are looking for simple ways to support their joints might want to remember this detail. It suggests that there are options outside of well-known treatments. 



Although oregano alone might not solve everything, knowing it can play a role and may encourage people to see their dietary habits differently.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-details-that-matter">Small details that matter</h2>



It also turns out that oregano oil has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties for toothaches. 



The oil, which can be used inside the mouth, can relieve the symptoms of infections with a few drops on the teeth.



This small detail might not be the first thing someone thinks about when they think of oregano, but it shows how everyday plants may hold surprising benefits. 



The world of natural foods is full of complexity and many layers that modern research is slowly beginning to understand.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bigger-picture-beyond-one-spice">Bigger picture beyond one spice</h2>



Many people might think that dealing with osteoarthritis means only focusing on medical interventions. While there are times when more traditional approaches are necessary, everyday foods matter. 



Something as common as oregano might add some comfort, alongside other known strategies. Small changes in daily meals, along with guidance from health professionals, might offer a sense of relief. 



The point here is not to claim oregano is a miracle fix but to remember that many details in what people eat can add up. 



They might consider talking with their doctors, doing their own research, and trying simple steps before giving up hope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-considering-a-gentle-steady-approach">Considering a gentle, steady approach</h2>



The idea that an herb that many people sprinkle on their pizza or pasta could have additional benefits may sound surprising. It might make some rethink their kitchen shelves.



Adjusting habits, paying attention to what is on the plate, and being open to new information might encourage people to view their health through a slightly different lens. 



No one should expect dramatic changes overnight. Instead, they might view healing as a process of learning.



Foods like oregano may bring subtle shifts and, over time, these shifts can matter more than many realize. Even small amounts can play a role, especially when combined with other lifestyle adjustments.



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This herb helps reduce and prevent joint pain from arthritis

Many people experience everyday struggles when they cannot move as...

Breakthrough research from the Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) in Barcelona has revealed that different types of cancer leave distinct molecular “fingerprints” detectable in their early stages.&nbsp;



These fingerprints, embedded in the ribosomes of cells, can now be identified with near-perfect accuracy using small, portable devices in just a few hours.&nbsp;



Published in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1097276524009195" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Molecular Cell</a>, this discovery paves the way for creating revolutionary non-invasive diagnostic tests capable of detecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cancer-thrives-on-human-stress-as-it-spreads-throughout-the-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a> faster and earlier than ever before.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ribosomes-and-their-hidden-complexity">Ribosomes and their hidden complexity</h2>



The study focuses on ribosomes, the cellular machinery responsible for protein production. Long believed to share a uniform structure across the human body, ribosomes have now been shown to possess a hidden layer of complexity.&nbsp;



The researchers discovered tiny chemical modifications on ribosomal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RNA</a> (rRNA) molecules that vary by tissue type, developmental stage, and disease state.



“Our ribosomes are not all the same. They are specialized in different tissues and carry unique signatures that reflect what's happening inside our bodies,” explained study senior author Eva Novoa, a researcher at the <a href="https://www.crg.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Genomic Regulation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-molecular-fingerprints-cellular-health-and-disease">Molecular fingerprints, cellular health, and disease</h2>



Ribosomes consist of proteins and rRNA, with rRNA accounting for a staggering 95% of the total RNA in human cells.&nbsp;



These molecules undergo chemical modifications that influence ribosomal function, creating unique “epitranscriptomic fingerprints” specific to different tissues.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed rRNA from human and mouse samples taken from organs such as the brain, heart, liver, and testis. They found that these fingerprints could provide a wealth of information about cellular health and disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-molecular-signature-of-cancer">The molecular signature of cancer</h2>



The study demonstrated that cancer cells have distinct rRNA fingerprints, particularly in cases of lung and testicular cancers.&nbsp;



“The cancer cells are ‘hypomodified,’ meaning they constantly lose some of these chemical marks,” said lead author Ivan Milenkovic, a postdoctoral fellow at CGR. “We thought this could be a powerful biomarker.”



To test this hypothesis, the team examined tissue samples from 20 patients with early-stage <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honeybees-can-sniff-out-lung-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lung cancer</a>. They confirmed that rRNA in cancerous cells consistently exhibited hypomodifications.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fingerprints-for-early-cancer-detection-nbsp">Fingerprints for early cancer detection&nbsp;</h2>



Using these unique signatures, the researchers developed an algorithm capable of distinguishing cancerous from healthy tissue. This model achieved near-perfect accuracy, marking a significant advance in the quest for early cancer detection.



“Most lung cancers aren’t diagnosed until late stages of development. Here we could detect it much earlier than usual, which could one day help buy patients valuable time,” Milenkovic explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-technology-nanopore-sequencing">Breakthrough technology: Nanopore sequencing</h2>



The research was made possible by nanopore direct RNA sequencing, a cutting-edge technology that allows for the direct analysis of rRNA molecules, complete with all their chemical modifications.&nbsp;



This method provides a significant advantage over traditional sequencing techniques, which often strip away these modifications during processing.&nbsp;



“It allows us to see the modifications as they are, in their natural context,” Novoa noted.



Nanopore sequencing devices are small enough to fit in the palm of a hand and can process RNA samples in real time. This portability and efficiency mean that researchers can analyze minimal amounts of tissue.&nbsp;



The study demonstrated that scanning as few as 250 RNA molecules was sufficient to differentiate between healthy and cancerous cells.&nbsp;



“It is feasible to develop a rapid, highly accurate test that looks for cancer’s ribosomal fingerprint using minimal amounts of tissue,” Novoa added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turning-cellular-junk-into-a-gold-mine">Turning cellular junk into a gold mine</h2>



Before the advent of nanopore sequencing, ribosomal RNA was often discarded as redundant information during research experiments. However, this study has transformed what was once overlooked into a treasure trove of diagnostic potential.&nbsp;



“Scientists typically got rid of ribosomal RNAs because they saw it as redundant information that would get in the way of our experiments. Fast forward a few years, we’ve taken this data out of the junkyard and turned it into a gold mine,” Novoa explained.



The ability to analyze rRNA modifications in their natural state opens up new possibilities for understanding cellular processes and detecting disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-non-invasive-cancer-detection">The future of non-invasive cancer detection</h2>



In the long term, the researchers aim to develop diagnostic methods capable of detecting cancer's ribosomal fingerprints through circulating RNA in blood samples.&nbsp;



This approach would eliminate the need for invasive tissue biopsies, making the process more accessible and less painful for patients.



The researchers caution, however, that more work is needed before the technology can be applied in clinical settings. “We're just scratching the surface,” Milenkovic says. “We need larger studies to validate these biomarkers across diverse populations and cancer types.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-cancer-research">Future directions in cancer research</h2>



One of the most intriguing questions raised by the study is why rRNA modifications change in cancer cells. Understanding whether these changes drive cancer progression could lead to innovative therapies aimed at reversing harmful modifications.&nbsp;



By identifying the mechanisms responsible for adding or removing these chemical marks, researchers hope to uncover <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trained-dogs-can-detect-bladder-cancer-in-other-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new ways</a> to combat cancer at its molecular roots.



“We are slowly but surely unravelling this complexity,” Novoa said. “It’s only a matter of time before we can start understanding the language of the cell.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-horizon-for-early-cancer-detection">A new horizon for early cancer detection</h2>



This pioneering work lays the foundation for transformative diagnostic tools that could revolutionize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ketogenic-diet-may-help-the-body-kill-cancer-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a> detection and treatment. 



By leveraging ribosomal fingerprints and the power of nanopore sequencing, researchers are opening new doors to earlier, faster, and more accurate cancer diagnoses.&nbsp;



The potential to save lives through timely intervention underscores the importance of this breakthrough in the fight against cancer.



Image Credit: Queralt Tolosa/Centro de Regulación Genómica



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Molecular ‘fingerprints’ could be key to early cancer detection

Breakthrough research from the Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) in...

A recent study has revealed that hedgehogs living in the same semi-rural area show remarkable variation in their hibernation timing and patterns.&nbsp;



Some individuals begin hibernating up to three months later than others - a flexibility that researchers believe could help them adapt to climate change and urbanization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hibernation-habits-of-wild-hedgehogs-nbsp">Hibernation habits of wild hedgehogs&nbsp;</h2>



The study, carried out by researchers at <a href="https://www.ljmu.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Liverpool John Moores University</a>, tracked the hibernation behaviors of wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hedgehogs-face-extinction-as-their-habitats-vanish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hedgehogs</a> on an unused golf course in the Wirral.&nbsp;



Using radio trackers to monitor their locations and skin temperatures, alongside nighttime observations with torches, the researchers uncovered unexpected diversity in hibernation habits.



“It was a surprise to see wild hedgehogs living in the same environment have so much variation in their hibernation pattern,” said Katie Crawford, a PhD student at John Moores University who will present the research at the <a href="https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/events/bes-annual-meeting-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Ecological Society (BES) Annual Meeting</a> in Liverpool.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wide-variability-in-hibernation-timing">Wide variability in hibernation timing</h2>



All five hedgehogs in the study entered hibernation, but with significant differences in timing. 



The first hedgehog began hibernating in mid-September, when temperatures were as high as 19°C, while another didn’t hibernate until mid-December, despite temperatures dropping to -6°C.&nbsp;



The hibernation periods also varied, with differences of up to 47 days in when they ended.



“When hedgehogs hibernate, they go through cycles of torpor in which they decrease their metabolic rate and body temperature. Torpor bouts, typically lasting a few days to weeks, are interspersed with bursts of arousal for a few hours up to a couple of days,” Crawford explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hibernation-strategies-of-hedgehogs">Hibernation strategies of hedgehogs</h2>



The study revealed that some hedgehogs used shorter torpor phases followed by extended periods of activity, possibly for foraging, particularly at the start and end of their hibernation periods. This adaptability could prove advantageous in the face of unpredictable environmental changes.



“Hibernators are at significant risk from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> because they're very reliant on ambient temperatures. When temperatures are higher, they can't save as much energy because they're not reducing their body temperature as low,” Crawford said.&nbsp;



Since hibernating hedgehogs rely on stored fat for survival, this could present challenges.&nbsp;



However, their flexible hibernation strategies may allow them to secure additional food, which could be a valuable adaptation as winters in the UK grow milder and more unpredictable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hedgehog-conservation-status-and-challenges">Hedgehog conservation status and challenges</h2>



European hedgehogs are now listed as near-threatened on the <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN Red List</a>. In the UK, rural populations are declining due to threats such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-ai-system-detects-animals-on-roads-to-prevent-accidents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">road collisions</a>, while urban populations remain stable or are increasing in some areas.



The study, conducted from Spring 2023 to Spring 2024, recorded around 26 hedgehogs on the golf course during the summer, indicating a high local population.&nbsp;



“At the start of the experiment, we would go out to the golf course at night with big torches to find hedgehogs,” Crawford said.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valuable-insights-into-hedgehog-behavior-nbsp">Valuable insights into hedgehog behavior&nbsp;</h2>



With the assistance of her supervisor, Dr. Julia Nowack, the team tagged five individuals with radio trackers and monitored them daily throughout their hibernation period.



Although the sample size was small due to the intensive nature of the research, the findings provide valuable insights into hedgehog behavior.&nbsp;



The researchers are now expanding their study to include 11 hedgehogs across different habitats in Merseyside to determine if urban hedgehogs show even greater variability.&nbsp;



“We’re already seeing a lot of flexibility in the hibernation patterns of this year’s cohort,” Crawford added.



This ongoing work underscores the resilience of hedgehogs and their potential to adapt to environmental changes.&nbsp;



By understanding their hibernation patterns in greater detail, researchers hope to contribute to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a> and shed light on how these animals can survive in a rapidly changing world.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-hedgehogs">More about hedgehogs </h2>



Hedgehogs are small, spiny mammals known for their unique defense mechanism of rolling into a tight ball, which protects their vulnerable underbellies with a coat of sharp spines. 



Found across Europe, Asia, and Africa, they thrive in diverse habitats such as forests, grasslands, and even suburban gardens. These nocturnal creatures are primarily insectivorous, feeding on insects, worms, and small invertebrates - though they are opportunistic eaters and will consume fruits and vegetables when available. 



Hedgehogs have poor eyesight but compensate with excellent hearing and a keen sense of smell, which they use to forage for food.



In many cultures, hedgehogs are symbols of good luck and have become popular pets due to their endearing behavior and manageable size. Despite this, they require specific care - including warm, quiet environments and specialized diets - to thrive in captivity.



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Hedgehogs have flexible hibernation habits that help them survive

A recent study has revealed that hedgehogs living in the...

Exercise is known to boost both physical and mental well-being, but have you ever wondered why you feel "sharper" after a hard workout or a brisk walk?



This sensation isn't just in your head - there’s solid scientific evidence supporting the positive impact of exercise on brain function. A recent study has explored this connection and revealed that the cognitive boost we get from exercise can last well into the next day.



The study was led by researchers from the <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University College London</a> (UCL) and was published in the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity.



The interesting part? These brain benefits were discovered among older adults, specifically people aged between 50 and 83.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-memory-benefits-of-exercise">Memory benefits of exercise </h2>



“Our findings suggest that the short-term memory benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/any-type-of-physical-activity-can-help-protect-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physical activity</a> may last longer than previously thought, possibly to the next day instead of just the few hours after exercise. Getting more sleep, particularly deep sleep, seems to add to this memory improvement," noted Dr. Mikaela Bloomberg, the lead author of the study.



“Moderate or vigorous activity means anything that gets your heart rate up – this could be brisk walking, dancing or walking up a few flights of stairs. It doesn’t have to be structured exercise."



The study also revealed that more time spent not sitting, and getting at least six hours of sleep a night also resulted in better scores on memory tests the next day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exercise-triggers-a-cognitive-boost">Exercise triggers a cognitive boost</h2>



Exercise, especially the kind that gets your heart racing, isn't just good for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/consensual-touch-greatly-benefits-mental-physical-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physical health</a>. It also has several mental and emotional benefits. 



In the short term, exercising increases blood flow to the brain, simulating the release of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and dopamine. These enhance a range of cognitive functions.



While these neurochemical changes last only a few hours after the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evening-workouts-are-best-for-blood-sugar-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">workout</a>, there are other mental changes induced by exercise that last longer, such as mood enhancement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cognitive-gains-persist-longer-than-expected">Cognitive gains persist longer than expected</h2>



“This study provides evidence that the immediate cognitive benefits of exercise may last longer than we thought. It also suggests good sleep quality separately contributes to cognitive performance," explained study co-author Professor Andrew Steptoe.



The study utilized data from wrist-worn activity trackers to measure the physical activity levels and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-quality-is-determined-by-daily-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep quality</a> of participants. 



Care was taken to adjust for a variety of external factors that could potentially distort the results.



The results were clear. More moderate or vigorous physical activity compared to a person’s average was linked to better working memory and episodic memory the next day. 



The researchers found that more overall sleep led to improved episodic and working memory and psychomotor speed, while more slow-wave sleep was linked to better episodic memory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exercise-and-cognitive-performance-boost">Exercise and cognitive performance boost</h2>



It's clear that exercise has a long-lasting impact on cognitive performance. By incorporating regular physical activity into our routines, we can ensure our brains stay sharp and active. 



However, the scientists behind the study noted that more extensive research is needed to further validate these findings.



While the correlation between exercise, sleep, and cognitive performance is fascinating, there is still much to be learned in this field. 



But one thing is for sure - getting off the couch and moving can significantly benefit our cognitive health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-age-in-cognitive-gains">The role of age in cognitive gains</h2>



The study reveals how exercise boosts cognitive function differently for people of various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-very-precise-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ages</a>.



The research sheds some much-needed light on the benefits of exercise for older&nbsp;populations. It shows that exercise is&nbsp;as&nbsp;beneficial - if not even more so - for older people.



As&nbsp;human&nbsp;beings&nbsp;age, cognitive aspects of memory and attention gradually decline, but with the presence of regular exercise, these effects&nbsp;seem reversed.



This&nbsp;is particularly&nbsp;promising, as it suggests that even&nbsp;the most&nbsp;modest lifestyle changes - such as adding more movement to&nbsp;daily routines - could make&nbsp;a&nbsp;huge difference in the functioning of an older adult's brain.



Staying active and ensuring good sleep can slow cognitive decline and preserve mental sharpness and agility well into old age.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12966-024-01683-7">International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity</a>.



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Cognitive boost from exercise persists for 24 hours

Exercise is known to boost both physical and mental well-being,...

An ominous forecast awaits bighorn sheep in the the Sierra Nevada mountains. There are likely to be more frequent avalanches as the world continues to warm.



Even though a decline in snow cover is anticipated as the climate changes, avalanches could occur more often, particularly at high elevations, which spells trouble for the bighorn sheep that inhabit these areas. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-endangered-bighorn-sheep-and-their-history">Endangered bighorn sheep and their history</h2>



The Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis sierrae) are true survivors, built to handle some of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mapping-2024s-record-heat-unveiling-earths-climate-danger-zones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">toughest conditions</a> in North America. 



They are smaller and leaner than their relatives, making it easier for them to scale the steep, rocky slopes of the Sierra Nevada at heights of 10,000 to 14,000 feet (3,000 to 4,200 meters). Their tan coats help them blend perfectly into the rugged landscape, keeping them safe from predators like mountain lions.



John Muir, in his 1894 book The Mountains of California, described the "perfect strength and beauty" of these wild bighorn sheep - agile creatures that effortlessly jump from one crag to another.



They have managed to survive threats from diseases and overgrazing by domestic sheep introduced into the Sierra Nevada. But today, these animals are endangered. 



Now, a new menace looms in the form of avalanches, coupled with predation by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-lions-cleverly-change-their-habits-to-avoid-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountain lions</a>. These threats have caused the Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep population to fall by half since 2023.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avalanches-and-bighorn-sheep">Avalanches and bighorn sheep</h2>



Ned Bair, a researcher from the <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>, and his team have run simulations, analyzing the present (1990-2020) and future (2050-2080) climate. 



The researchers aim to determine how avalanches might continue to affect bighorn sheep.



"There's certainly going to be less snow in the future, and it's going to impact the sheep, which are very fragile as is," said Bair. "In dry winters, they don't have enough forage. And in the big winters, they die of starvation and avalanches."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bighorn-sheep-a-struggle-for-survival">Bighorn sheep: A struggle for survival</h2>



While bighorn sheep also inhabit other western mountain ranges, the Sierra Nevada subgroup is genetically unique. The approximately 350 sheep that remain of this species live at high elevations, feeding on grasses, herbs, and shrubs. 



"They like to live in very <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-shatters-heat-records-earths-hottest-year-is-here/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">challenging environments</a>, hence the avalanche problem," Bair explained.



Snow is critical for bighorn sheep as it provides them with water. However, it can pose threats, too. 



Record-breaking precipitation during the winter of 2022-2023 in California led to approximately 18 meters (60 feet) of snow blanketing the Sierra Nevada.



That winter, avalanches led to the deaths of at least 73 bighorn sheep, with just one avalanche accounting for 12 of those deaths, as noted by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-snowfall-in-the-sierra-nevada">Future snowfall in the Sierra Nevada </h2>



The researchers conducted projections on future snowfall amounts in the Sierra Nevada under climate change, basing their simulations on precipitation data from past dry years (2013 and 2018) and a wet year (2019). 



As expected, snow cover is predicted to decrease generally in the Sierra Nevada in the future. This decline, however, will mostly occur at lower elevations, where snowfall may turn to rain. Higher elevations, where bighorn sheep dwell, will experience less change in snow cover.



As climate change amplifies the number and intensity of California's atmospheric rivers, these high elevations could even witness an increase in snow accumulation. This snow could trigger more frequent avalanches at high altitudes, resulting in increased bighorn sheep fatalities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-threats-to-the-wild-sheep">Increased threats to the wild sheep</h2>



It remains unclear how the California Department of Fish and Wildlife's Bighorn Sheep Recovery Program will respond to the rise in avalanches caused by the harsh winters.



Additionally, recovering wolf and mountain lion populations could pose increased threats to the wild sheep. 



"It's a hard population to sustain," said Bair. "I think there are some real challenges with being assured of at least my children being able to see a bighorn sheep in the wild when they're my age."



The research will be presented by Bair at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union (<a href="https://www.agu.org/annual-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AGU24</a>).



Bair presented these findings at <a href="https://agu.confex.com/agu/agu24/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/1637990" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AGU’s Annual Meeting</a>.



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Bighorn sheep face increasing avalanche dangers as the climate warms

An ominous forecast awaits bighorn sheep in the the Sierra...

Two researchers were walking near a small community in northeastern India on a warm afternoon, when they came across a creature that measured about 4 feet in length. They had no idea what they were looking at.



At first glance, it appeared to be just another dead snake. But a quick look at its oddly elongated snout had them scratching their heads, wondering what in the world it could be.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-documenting-a-new-species">Documenting a new species</h2>



Sourabh Verma, a herpetologist working on reptile surveys, was one of the two scientists on that walk. He and fellow researcher, Soham Pattekar, decided to take the specimen for further examination. 



They knew something was different about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snake-evolution-legless-lizards-into-slithering-snakes-100-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">this snake</a> because it didn’t match any of the species they were familiar with. There was a hint of mystery in this discovery, and they felt a need to dig deeper.



By the time the analysis began, a larger research group had formed under the umbrella of the <a href="https://www.ncbs.res.in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Centre for Biological Sciences</a> in India. 



This collaboration eventually resulted in their findings appearing in the Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, where these experts presented details about something never before documented.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ahaetulla-longirostris">Ahaetulla longirostris</h2>



When the scientists took a closer look, they realized this snake stood out in several ways. They described it in their report as “considered ‘medium sized,’ reaching up to 4 feet in length.” 



They noted the head shape, which they described as “‘triangular’ heads tapering into ‘very long’ snouts, taking up roughly 18% of their head length.”



The research team chose to name this species Ahaetulla longirostris, which comes from the Latin words “longus” meaning “long,” and “rostrum” meaning “snout.”



They zeroed in on this distinctive feature because it clearly separated this animal from others in its group.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colors-that-pop">Colors that pop</h2>



The researchers said the newly found snake had an orange belly, but what caught their eye even more were the colors on its back. 



“Some are ‘bright green,’ while others are orange-brown,” they reported. 



Variations like these found on Ahaetulla longirostris can sometimes help creatures blend in with their surroundings or signal something special about their environment. 



It’s not unusual for vine snakes to show a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dipsadine-snakes-have-skulls-that-evolve-to-fit-their-needs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">range of hues</a> but, in this case, the combination of a bizarre snout and a vibrant palette raised questions about how this species might behave, where it prefers to live, and how it evolved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-neighborhoods">Unexpected neighborhoods</h2>



The snake was found in northeastern India, near the borders it shares with the countries Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal.



As of now, the researchers know it exists in places like Bihar and Meghalaya. They suspect that this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-coral-snakes-caught-in-rare-food-fight-over-caecilian/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snake species</a> might have a wider distribution, but proving that will take more field surveys.



The scientists’ report made it clear that Ahaetulla longirostris doesn’t limit itself to deep forest hideouts. 



According to their observations, it can thrive in “human-dominated” areas, including cities and villages. This suggests that it’s somewhat adaptable.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-local-biodiversity-woes">Local biodiversity woes</h2>



The broader region of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/bangladesh-and-northeast-india/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">northeastern India</a> is known for its rich wildlife. At the same time, scientists have often pointed out that amphibians and reptiles in these parts are under-documented. 



This lack of detailed information makes it tough to protect habitats and ensure that species remain viable.&nbsp;



If people don’t know what’s living in their surroundings, they can’t make informed decisions about conservation. 



Every new species identified can help shine a light on the health of ecosystems. It can also motivate further study, giving local and international researchers a reason to keep exploring.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-they-figured-it-out">How they figured it out</h2>



The team relied on DNA testing to confirm their hunches. They matched genetic sequences with those of related species that are found several hundred miles away.



Then, they checked things like scale patterns, body texture, and the shape of the animal’s head. All of these clues helped confirm that this snake was something fresh and unknown.&nbsp;



One detail was notable: they had encountered the initial specimen as a lifeless body. Normally, discovering new species involves more active searching, careful tracking, and sometimes lucky encounters with living animals.



Stumbling across a deceased individual that leads to such a finding is less common. Yet, it serves as a reminder that any encounter can bring valuable data.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-for-ahaetulla-longirostris">What's next for Ahaetulla longirostris?</h2>



Now that Ahaetulla longirostris is in the books, what’s next? Discovering a new species can spark interest far beyond academic circles. 



It can draw attention to wildlife protection, the importance of habitat maintenance, and the need for ethical, science-based policymaking. 



Perhaps this snake’s existence will prompt more local surveys. Maybe it will encourage budding scientists to pick up a field guide and see what’s waiting right outside their homes.



The full article is published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2287884X24000955" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity</a>



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Mysterious, 'long-snouted' creature found dead in India is a new species

Two researchers were walking near a small community in northeastern...

Picture this: you've just been left out of your friend's wedding or were the last to get picked for a team. You are feeling a sense of social rejection.



While social rejection hurts, it also teaches us valuable lessons, according to a recent study from the University of Southern California (USC).



The study explores how rejection shapes our social interactions. It uncovers the brain’s role in helping us understand relationships - revealing why some bonds feel rewarding yet others do not.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-rejection-as-a-learning-tool">Social rejection as a learning tool</h2>



Leor Hackel, an assistant professor of psychology at <a href="https://www.usc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USC</a>, explained the study’s unique focus. "We often study how rejection causes distress. But we know less about its role as a learning tool."



The researchers set out to answer critical questions: How do these experiences refine our understanding of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-observation-our-decisions-shift-when-people-are-watching/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social roles</a>? How do they influence our perceptions of how others see us? Most importantly, how do they help us decide who deserves our time and effort?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-bonds-and-the-brain">Social bonds and the brain</h2>



According to the study, forming relationships relies on two key brain functions: learning from rewards and recognizing relational value, or how much others appreciate us.



Positive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-stress-harms-the-brains-of-low-status-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social interactions</a>, such as smiles or compliments, act as rewards that encourage further connection. Similarly, recognizing when others value us - like a friend offering support - motivates us to deepen those relationships.



But these two processes don’t always align. A friend might miss your birthday party due to work but still value you deeply. Similarly, a job rejection doesn’t necessarily reflect your worth as a candidate. 



"Our brains track these nuances," said Professor Hackel. "Understanding this can provide insight into mental health issues like social anxiety or depression, where these signals may get misinterpreted."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-pain-and-rejection">Social pain and rejection</h2>



To study these mechanisms, researchers designed a game mimicking real-life <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survival-of-the-friendliest-social-animals-live-longer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social interactions</a>. College students - an ideal group to study due to their rapidly changing social networks - played the game while undergoing MRI scans.



Participants created profiles describing their trustworthiness, believing that others would evaluate them. They then acted as "responders" in an economic trust game, deciding whether to share rewards with hypothetical "deciders."



Each interaction provided feedback on two fronts: whether a match was successful and how highly the participant was ranked. Brain scans revealed distinct neural pathways for processing these outcomes. 



Rejection activated areas associated with social pain, while acceptance engaged regions tied to reward learning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-brain-interprets-feedback">How the brain interprets feedback</h2>



The study’s computational models showed participants’ decisions were influenced by both outcomes and rankings. 



For instance, someone who experienced a positive match and a high ranking was more likely to choose the same "decider" again.



The findings also highlighted differences in brain activity based on feedback type. Negative feedback triggered areas linked to social rejection, while positive experiences activated reward-related regions.



These insights shed light on how we process <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gen-ai-and-social-media-divert-peoples-attention-from-climate-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social</a> cues. "Our study shows that people learn differently from the same feedback," noted Professor Hackel. "This raises questions about how these variations influence our ability to form connections."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-social-behavior">Implications for social behavior</h2>



The research has profound implications for understanding mental health. For instance, individuals with social anxiety might struggle to recognize when others value them. 



Similarly, people with depression may find it hard to feel motivated by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-characters-boost-social-and-emotional-skills-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social</a> rewards, hindering their ability to form relationships.



"By exploring these neural pathways, we hope to develop better strategies for addressing these challenges," said Professor Hackel.



"Understanding the science of social learning could improve interventions for those struggling with loneliness or relationship difficulties."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-the-lab-practical-lessons">Beyond the lab: Practical lessons</h2>



While the study focuses on brain mechanisms, its findings have practical implications. Recognizing that rejection doesn’t always reflect a lack of value can help people navigate social challenges more effectively. 



For example, understanding that a missed invitation doesn’t necessarily mean someone doesn’t care can prevent unnecessary misunderstandings.



"Social rejection, though painful, can help us refine our understanding of relationships. It teaches us where to invest our time and energy," said Professor Hackel.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-better-social-connections-with-rejections">Better social connections with rejections</h2>



The USC study highlights the complexity of human relationships. It reveals how our brains navigate the delicate balance of social acceptance and rejection, guiding us toward meaningful connections. 



By understanding these processes, we can promote healthier relationships and support those struggling with social challenges.



Ultimately, while rejection may sting, it also holds the potential to shape us into better, more discerning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-trust-news-that-matches-their-political-views-even-when-its-fake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social beings</a>. As this research shows, even the pain of exclusion can serve as a powerful tool for growth and connection.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2400022121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Social rejection teaches us valuable lessons about relationships

Picture this: you've just been left out of your friend's...

A nanotechnology material called graphene has captured attention worldwide, with many scientists dubbing it the latest "wonder material" with the potential to have an enormous human impact. 



Graphene's structure, made of carbon atoms arranged in a thin sheet, has properties that make it a strong contender to revolutionize many industries. 



It's often regarded as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-new-wonder-material-earth-technology-found-moon-soil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thinnest and strongest material</a> discovered so far, showing flexibility that few other materials can match. Its potential uses range from improving electronic devices to creating better ways to clean water.



After examining these possibilities, it makes sense to consider how exposure to this material might affect the human body. 



Dr. Mark Miller, from the <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Edinburgh</a>, has been involved in efforts to understand the role graphene may play in our lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-graphene-and-human-health">Graphene and human health</h2>



Recent human studies indicate that controlled inhalation of a type of graphene known as graphene oxide does not pose short-term lung or heart risks. 



It was tested for the first time in people through a carefully designed trial. The version used was made to be compatible with water. The idea was to ensure that the material fit medical standards as closely as possible. 



This work involved groups from the Universities of Edinburgh and <a href="https://www.manchester.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Manchester</a>, which signals a broad commitment to understanding its safety. 



Researchers want to know if larger or long-term doses might create different results since the structure of graphene is incredibly fine.



“Nanomaterials such as graphene hold such great promise, but we must ensure they are manufactured in a way that is safe before they can be used more widely in our lives,” explained Dr. Miller. 



“Being able to explore the safety of this unique material in human volunteers is a huge step forward in our understanding of how graphene <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrons-in-graphene-exhibit-very-strange-fractional-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">could affect the body</a>. With careful design we can safely make the most of nanotechnology.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-graphene-on-human-subjects">Testing graphene on human subjects</h2>



The first-ever controlled exposure clinical study involved 14 healthy participants. They inhaled graphene oxide through a mask while riding stationary bikes inside a mobile exposure chamber. 



Experts checked their lung function, blood pressure, blood clotting, and markers of inflammation. 



There were no serious effects on breathing or blood pressure. There was a small indication of changes to blood clotting. 



The team behind this effort noticed that every detail matters when it comes to making these materials suitable for everyday use.



“This is the first-ever controlled study involving healthy people to demonstrate that very pure forms of graphene oxide -- of a specific size distribution and surface character -- can be further developed in a way that would <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-superhighway-allows-electronic-devices-to-use-much-less-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">minimize the risk</a> to human health,” shared an enthusiastic Kostarelos. 



“It has taken us more than 10 years to develop the knowledge to carry out this research, from a materials and biological science point of view, but also from the clinical capacity to carry out such controlled studies safely by assembling some of the world’s leading experts in this field," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



Graphene’s discovery in 2004 led researchers to see it as a possible choice for new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/watching-electrons-move-1-quintillionth-of-second-attoseconds-attomicroscopy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health treatments and devices</a>. 



It could help deliver targeted therapies for certain health issues, and it may be useful in implants and sensors, too. However, each idea requires clear safety tests and <a href="https://www.fda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FDA</a> approval before anyone uses it in clinics. 



The recent study offers data that can guide future work. <a href="https://www.bhf.org.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The British Heart Foundation</a>’s Professor Bryan Williams supported these steps that might open new doors.



“The discovery that this type of graphene can be developed safely, with minimal short term side effects, could open the door to the development of new devices, treatment innovations and monitoring techniques,” Williams explained. 



“We look forward to seeing larger studies over a longer timeframe to better understand how we can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lasers-may-completely-transform-the-future-of-plastic-recycling/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">safely use nanomaterials</a> like graphene to make leaps in delivering lifesaving drugs to patients.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-producing-graphene-from-microplastics">Producing graphene from microplastics</h2>



Another team of scientists took an entirely different angle. They focused on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-are-steadily-increasing-in-freshwater-environments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a>, which are tiny plastic fragments about the size of a sesame seed. 



These small bits are making their way into oceans and lakes, causing trouble for fish, wildlife, and eventually humans. 



A group at <a href="https://www.jcu.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Cook University</a> came up with a way to convert microplastics into graphene using a process called Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma synthesis. 



This approach might simplify recycling methods and make them more friendly to the environment.



“These microplastics are notorious for their non-degradable and insoluble nature in water and are an evolving threat to fish and animals and humans,” said Professor Jacob.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pushing-the-limits">Pushing the limits</h2>



A small sample of plastic can be transformed at an impressive rate. About 30 mg of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-trigger-cloud-formation-and-alter-weather-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> yielded nearly 5 mg of graphene in just 1 minute. 



This pace is faster than earlier techniques. Turning what was once waste into a valuable carbon material could change how society manages <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-every-semen-sample-tested/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic pollution</a>.



“Approximately 30 mg of microplastics produced nearly 5 mg of graphene in 1 minute. This production rate is remarkably higher than achieved previously, and offers a simpler, more environmentally friendly alternative to current techniques,” Dr. Zafar concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-graphene-humans-and-the-future">Graphene, humans, and the future</h2>



To sum it all up, every piece of research on graphene hints that this material might hold keys to many improving many areas of human health and everyday life. 



The question remains how to use it without harming health or the planet. 



Studies on the effects of breathing in tiny amounts give important clues, and efforts to turn common plastic waste into valuable carbon sheets point to other ways it can be useful. 



Experts want to learn more about its behavior in larger doses and over longer stretches of time. They also want to see if the new recycling methods stay efficient at a larger scale. 



The latest research keeps pushing forward, looking for important answers that could positively impact everyone on Earth.



The full study was published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-023-01572-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Nanotechnology</a>.



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Wonder material that "will change the world" is officially declared safe for humans

A nanotechnology material called graphene has captured attention worldwide, with...

Harbor seals in icy regions rely on icebergs shed by glaciers for critical life activities. These floating ice platforms serve as safe spaces for giving birth, caring for young, and molting. 



However, as climate change affects glaciers, the size, speed, and number of icebergs change - directly affecting the seals’ habitat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-harbor-seals-use-icebergs">How harbor seals use icebergs</h2>



Mother <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weddell-seals-have-a-surprising-survival-strategy/">seals</a>, for example, prefer stable, slower-moving icebergs during the pupping season to ensure safety for their newborns. 



In contrast, during the molting season, both mothers and the larger seal population tend to favor faster-moving icebergs near foraging grounds. 



This seasonal preference highlights the intricate balance between the seals’ needs and their changing environment.



"Our work provides a direct link between a glacier’s advance and seals' distribution and behavior," said Lynn Kaluzienski, a postdoctoral fellow at the <a href="https://uas.alaska.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alaska Southeast</a> who led the study.



"Interdisciplinary studies like this one, coupled with long-term monitoring campaigns, will be important to understand how climate change will influence tidewater glacier fjord ecosystems in the future."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seals-and-icebergs-at-glacier-bay-national-park">Seals and icebergs at Glacier Bay National Park</h2>



The study was focused on harbor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-seals-have-genetic-scars-from-intense-hunting/">seals</a> and icebergs in Johns Hopkins Inlet and Glacier, which is part of Glacier Bay National Park in Alaska.



Unlike many glaciers globally, Johns Hopkins Glacier is advancing rather than retreating. 



This anomaly is due, in part, to its terminal moraine - a natural barricade of crushed rock and sediment. This barrier shields the glacier from warmer ocean water, thus slowing its melt rate.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/harbor-seals_iceberg_resting_glacier-national-park_credit-NPS_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/harbor-seals_iceberg_resting_glacier-national-park_credit-NPS_1s.webp" alt="Seal resting on an iceberg in Johns Hopkins Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park. Credit: Jamie Womble/NPS" class="wp-image-1953189"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Seal resting on an iceberg in Johns Hopkins Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park. Credit: Jamie Womble/NPS</figcaption></figure>



However, the terminal moraine also limits the number of icebergs that the glacier sheds into the fjord. Fewer icebergs mean reduced habitat for seals, which fuels the need for research to understand how seals adapt to these changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-seals-and-icebergs">Observing seals and icebergs</h2>



Over the past few years, Kaluzienski and her team, in collaboration with the U.S. National Park Service, monitored the fjord using time-lapse cameras and aerial photographic surveys. They documented fine-scale variations in icebergs and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-seal-colony-lost-95-of-its-pups-to-bird-flu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seals distribution</a>.



"Icebergs are found throughout the fjord in regions of fast flow, within eddies, and close to the glacier," Kaluzienski explained. 



"We wanted to understand which of these areas seals were using and how this habitat is changing in response to advances at the glacier front and reduction in iceberg numbers."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-freshwater-runoff">The role of freshwater runoff</h2>



When an iceberg calves from a glacier, its movement is influenced by wind, ocean currents, and freshwater runoff from the glacier’s base. 



This runoff, known as a plume, brings nutrient-rich freshwater to the surface, creating a hotspot for plankton and fish. These areas act as a moving buffet for seals, which use icebergs near the plume to forage.



Using remote sensing data, the researchers pinpointed the plume’s location and compared it to seal and iceberg distributions during the pupping season in June and the molting season in August. 



The findings revealed distinct preferences. During the pupping season, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-seals-use-sonar-signals-to-dine-deep-underwater/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seals</a> often rested on slower-moving icebergs, which traveled at speeds of less than 7-8 inches (0.2 meters) per second.



During the molting season, seals increasingly used faster-moving icebergs located in or near the nutrient-rich plumes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-seasonal-preferences">Why the seasonal preferences?</h2>



The preference for slower-moving icebergs during the pupping season likely stems from their stability, which provides a safer platform for mother seals and their pups.



Conversely, stability becomes less critical during the molting season, when seals prioritize access to food. Icebergs near the plume offer better foraging opportunities, aligning with the seals’ needs during this period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-impact-of-glacier-dynamics">Broader impact of glacier dynamics</h2>



This study highlights the complex interplay between glacier behavior and wildlife adaptation. Changes in glacier size, speed, and iceberg distribution ripple through the ecosystem, influencing seal behavior and habitat use.



Understanding these dynamics is crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-is-killing-thousands-of-seals-and-sea-lions-globally/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protecting harbor seals</a> and the broader tidewater glacier fjord ecosystems they inhabit. 



As Kaluzienski emphasized, long-term, interdisciplinary research will play a vital role in assessing the ongoing impact of climate change on these fragile environments.



Kaluzienski presented the findings at AGU’s 2024 Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C. The meeting, scheduled to take place from December 9-13, will host over 30,000 scientists to discuss cutting-edge Earth and space science research.



The <a href="https://agu.confex.com/agu/agu24/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/1710238" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> was presented at AGU’s 2024 Annual Meeting.



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Harbor seals rely on icebergs for daily life, but their environment is changing

Harbor seals in icy regions rely on icebergs shed by...

Every winter, a spectacle unfolds across North America. Millions of monarch butterflies, those radiant creatures with iconic wings, embark on a journey that stretches thousands of miles to their wintering grounds in the forests and mountains of central Mexico.



However, this annual migration faces growing challenges as monarch populations experience a troubling decline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proposal-to-protect-monarch-butterflies">Proposal to protect monarch butterflies</h2>



In response to this alarming trend, U.S. wildlife officials <a href="https://www.fws.gov/press-release/2024-12/monarch-butterfly-proposed-endangered-species-act-protection" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">proposed</a> listing the monarch butterfly as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.



This status signifies that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creating-new-forests-to-assist-monarch-butterfly-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future. 



The monarch butterfly, with its remarkable orange-and-black coloration, plays a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity by pollinating plants and serving as a food source for various animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mounting-threats-to-survival">Mounting threats to survival</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-monarch-butterflies-vanishing-in-the-winter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monarch’s plight</a> stems from a combination of threats, including habitat loss due to illegal logging, exposure to insecticides, and the intensifying climate crisis. These factors have disrupted the species’ breeding and migratory patterns.



The butterfly’s eastern migratory population has declined by roughly 80%, while the western population has plunged by more than 95% since the 1980s, according to U.S. wildlife officials.



Without immediate intervention, experts warn the monarch could disappear from the continent by the end of the century.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-climate-change">The role of climate change</h2>



In 2022, the International Union for Conservation of Nature categorized the migratory monarch butterfly as endangered, citing climate change and habitat loss as primary drivers. 



Between 2021 and 2022, the monarchs’ presence in their Mexican <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monarch-butterflies-shift-to-winter-breeding-for-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wintering grounds</a> decreased by 22%, according to a World Wildlife Fund (WWF) report.



Droughts, frost, and heat across the continent are killing milkweed - the monarchs’ food source - and destroying their habitat.



Eduardo Rendón-Salinas, head of the monarch butterfly program for WWF-Mexico, highlighted the devastating effects of the climate crisis.



"Pollinators are responsible for 75% of the production of the food for humans. To save these monarchs, humans must reduce the emissions of gasses warming the atmosphere. A lot of [monarchs] are dying. That is my call to action," said Rendón-Salinas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-plan-for-preserving-monarch-butterflies">A plan for preserving monarch butterflies</h2>



The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s proposed plan aims to bolster conservation efforts by protecting nearly 4,400 acres in California as critical habitat for the western monarch population.



However, experts stress that government protections alone cannot stabilize and reverse population trends.



"Stabilizing and reversing population trends requires an all-hands approach that not only relies on government protections, but also collaboration among landowners, farmers, conservationists, and everyday citizens," said Clay Bolt, the World Wildlife Fund’s manager of pollinator conservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilience-of-monarchs">Resilience of monarchs</h2>



"Despite [the monarch’s] fragility, it is remarkably resilient, like many things in nature when we just give them a chance," said Martha Williams, director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.



"Science shows that the monarch needs that chance, and this proposed listing invites and builds on unprecedented public participation in shaping monarch conservation efforts," she explained.



Williams emphasized that providing monarchs with sufficient milkweed and nectar plants, “even in small areas,” could significantly aid their recovery. "Working together, we can help make this extraordinary species a legacy for our children and generations to come," she said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-you-can-help">How you can help</h2>



Protecting the monarch butterfly calls for all of us to act together. You can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milkweed-gardens-are-needed-to-save-monarch-butterflies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">help by planting milkweed</a> and nectar-rich flowers in your garden or community. 



Supporting conservation programs and pushing for sustainable practices can also make a difference.



Small changes, like reducing pesticide use, can have a big impact. By working across neighborhoods and nations, we can ensure the monarch butterfly continues its incredible journey for generations to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-monarch-butterflies">More about monarch butterflies</h2>



Monarch butterflies are not only famous for their striking appearance, but also for their unique life cycle.



The butterfly undergoes four life stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and adult. The entire process takes about a month. 



Remarkably, the monarch’s migration spans several generations, with one generation flying north in spring and subsequent generations continuing the journey until the final one travels back to Mexico in autumn.



Another fascinating aspect is their navigational ability. Monarchs use environmental cues like the position of the sun and Earth’s magnetic field to find their way, even though no single butterfly completes the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monarch-butterflies-with-more-white-spots-are-more-likely-to-survive-their-migration-journey/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a>.



The protection proposal by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services is reported <a href="https://www.fws.gov/press-release/2024-12/monarch-butterfly-proposed-endangered-species-act-protection">here</a>. 



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Monarch butterflies may be added to the endangered species list

Every winter, a spectacle unfolds across North America. Millions of...

A minuscule bacterium, named after the legendary hero Conan, has been gaining attention due to its unparalleled ability to thrive in extreme environmental conditions.



Identified as Deinococcus radiodurans, this robust bacterium can endure radiation levels that would easily wipe out other organisms on Earth, including humans.



It's a superhero in its own right, possessing a unique power that has baffled scientists worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-secret-to-conan-s-sturdiness">The secret to Conan's sturdiness</h2>



The remarkable resistance of this bacterium lies in a cluster of simple metabolites that, when partnered with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/manganese-soil-turns-forests-into-net-carbon-emitters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">manganese</a>, form a potent antioxidant shield.



An innovative study has recently shed light on how this antioxidant shield functions and its potential applications.



A team of chemists from <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a> and the <a href="https://www.usuhs.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uniformed Services University</a> (USU) took on the task of investigating this cellular mystery.



By focusing their attention on a synthetic antioxidant named MDP (Mn2+-Decapeptide Complex), which was inspired by the resilience of Deinococcus radiodurans, the researchers discovered something extraordinary.



They found that MDP, made up of manganese ions, phosphate, and a small peptide, forms a strong trio complex. This trio is exponentially more effective in protecting against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chernobyl-is-teeming-with-worms-resistant-to-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radiation</a> than any individual or dual combination of its components. 



The antioxidants in this complex are able to mop up the oxygen radicals before they can damage proteins in the bacterial cell that are critical to its repair processes. 



This revelation could lead to the design of new synthetic antioxidants that are specifically tailored to address human needs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-science-fiction-real-world-applications">Beyond science fiction: Real-world applications</h2>



Potential applications of such innovations are vast, spanning from the protection of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-radiation-levels-are-measured-for-the-first-time-and-will-help-astronauts-prepare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">astronauts</a> during lengthy interstellar missions to emergency radiation preparedness. 



"It is this ternary complex that is MDP’s superb shield against the effects of radiation," said Brian Hoffman from Northwestern University.



"We've long known that manganese ions and phosphate together make a strong antioxidant, but discovering and understanding the 'magic' potency provided by the addition of the third component is a breakthrough."



"This study has provided the key to understanding why this combination is such a powerful - and promising - radioprotectant," Hoffman explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-conan-bacterium-and-its-microbial-world">The Conan bacterium and its microbial world</h2>



The latest study builds upon <a href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/ast.2022.0065">earlier research</a> which was focused on understanding the forecasted radiation resistance capacity of Deinococcus radiodurans on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronauts-kidneys-may-not-survive-a-roundtrip-to-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>.



The Northwestern team successfully measured the accumulation of manganese antioxidants and found that the amount of resistance an organism can put up against radiation directly correlates with its manganese antioxidant content.



In simple words, the more the manganese antioxidants, the higher the radiation resistance.



Past studies have revealed that Deinococcus radiodurans can survive a whopping 25,000 grays of radiation. But the 2022 research discovered that dried and frozen bacteria could endure up to 140,000 grays, a level 28,000 times the lethal dose for humans.



This suggests that such organisms that may be buried on Mars amidst the storm of galactic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-surges-of-cosmic-radiation-from-space-directly-linked-to-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic radiation</a> and solar protons, could possibly have survived to this day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-manganese-based-antioxidants">Powerful manganese-based antioxidants</h2>



Further unfolding the mystery of this microbe's radiation resiliance, the team explored a designer decapeptide called DP1.



When paired with phosphate and manganese, DP1 forms the effective free-radical-scavenging agent called MDP, which has been proven to protect cells and proteins against radiation damage.



In a more recent analysis, it was discovered that MDP could potentially play a crucial role in the preparation of irradiated polyvalent vaccines. 



"This new understanding of MDP could lead to the development of even more potent manganese-based antioxidants for applications in healthcare, industry, defense, and space exploration," said Michael Daly from USU.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-conan-bacterium">Implications of the Conan bacterium</h2>



Deinococcus radiodurans, now famous for its unparalleled radiation resistance, continues to captivate scientists seeking to push the boundaries of biotechnology and innovation.



Its antioxidant mechanisms, driven by a manganese-based shield, offer insights that could transform various fields.



For example, the bacterium’s resilience could play a crucial role in space exploration, particularly in protecting astronauts from cosmic radiation on long missions, such as a journey to Mars. 



This natural defense system may also aid in preserving biological materials that are vital for deep-space research and future colonization efforts.



Beyond space, the bacterium’s unique properties hold potential in healthcare and industrial applications.



As researchers explore its extraordinary mechanisms, Deinococcus radiodurans stands as a testament to the untapped possibilities within the microbial world.



The full study was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.



Image Credit: USU/Michael Daly



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'Conan the Bacterium' can endure extreme radiation

A minuscule bacterium, named after the legendary hero Conan, has...

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