In a stark update on the deteriorating condition of our planet, an international assembly of climate experts has reported that the Earth’s vital signs have declined to levels never before witnessed in human history. This critical state threatens the very fabric of life on our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-scientific-consensus">Unprecedented scientific consensus</h2>



Led by William Ripple, a prominent figure from the Oregon State University <a href="https://www.forestry.oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">College of Forestry</a>, and Christopher Wolf, formerly associated with OSU, a team comprising 12 scientists has delivered a grim prognosis on Earth&#8217;s vital signs in their paper published in <a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/biosci/biad080" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BioScience</a>. 



Titled &#8220;The 2023 State of the climate report: Entering uncharted territory,&#8221; the study underscores that a staggering 20 out of 35 planetary vital signs used as barometers for climate health have hit record extremes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-on-the-brink">World on the brink</h2>



&#8220;Without decisive steps to address the fundamental issue of humanity&#8217;s overconsumption of the Earth&#8217;s resources, we are navigating towards the potential disintegration of natural and socioeconomic systems,&#8221; Wolf stated, painting a picture of a future marred by intolerable heat, food scarcity, and water shortages.



The authors highlight alarming data from 2023, pointing out that numerous records related to climate and Earth&#8217;s vital signs have been shattered &#8220;by enormous margins.&#8221; This includes unprecedented ocean temperatures, drastic reductions in sea ice, and an extraordinary Canadian wildfire season contributing to record levels of carbon dioxide emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-echoes-of-past-warnings">Echoes of past warnings</h2>



This report is not the first of its kind. It follows a significant &#8220;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-pushed-earth-to-code-red/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency</a>&#8221; published four years ago, where Ripple, alongside other collaborators, received support from over 15,000 scientists from 161 countries. 



Despite these earlier calls to action, little progress has been made, with Ripple emphasizing, &#8220;Life on our planet is unmistakably under assault.&#8221;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-climate-health-statistics">Alarming climate health statistics</h2>



The report lays bare several shocking statistics that outline why Earth&#8217;s vital signs are at an all-time low.



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-chief-fossil-fuel-era-must-end-for-humanitys-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fossil fuel</a> subsidies saw a staggering increase from $531 billion to over $1 trillion between 2021 and 2022, incentivizing harmful emissions. </li>



<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-amplify-risks-for-socially-vulnerable-populations-in-western-states/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildfires</a> in Canada alone have already contributed more than 1 gigaton of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere in 2023, surpassing the nation&#8217;s total greenhouse gas emissions the previous year. </li>



<li>A concerning trend in global temperature rise, with 38 days already recorded where temperatures were more than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">1.5 degrees Celsius</a> above pre-industrial levels. </li>



<li>July experienced the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/july-was-earths-hottest-month-in-120000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">highest average</a> Earth surface temperature on record, likely the most extreme in the last 100,000 years.</li>
</ul>



Wolf expressed deep concern, stating, &#8220;As scientists, the sudden escalation in the frequency and intensity of climate-related disasters is deeply unsettling.&#8221;



The study cautions that these disasters&#8217; frequency and intensity might even be accelerating faster than temperature rises. The paper forecasts a dire future, where 3 to 6 billion people will find themselves in uninhabitable conditions by the end of this century.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-vital-signs-need-transformative-policies">Earth&#8217;s vital signs need transformative policies</h2>



The scientific community is advocating for policies that address &#8220;ecological overshoot,&#8221; a scenario where humanity&#8217;s demands exceed the Earth&#8217;s capacity, resulting in numerous environmental crises, including a decline in biodiversity.



They argue that solutions focusing solely on carbon or climate will fall short of repairing Earth&#8217;s vital signs unless the overarching pressures on global systems are alleviated. As Ripple puts it, the scientific community has a &#8220;moral duty&#8221; to guide humanity away from potential existential threats and lead action-driven dialogues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steering-towards-a-just-sustainable-future">Steering towards a just, sustainable future</h2>



The paper calls for a comprehensive overhaul of global economic practices. The authors of the study urge a transition that foregrounds human well-being, curtails excessive consumption, and drastically reduces affluent populations&#8217; emissions.



Key policy recommendations to reverse the decline of Earth&#8217;s vital signs include:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Eliminating fossil fuel subsidies. </li>



<li>Encouraging shifts towards plant-based diets. </li>



<li>Amplifying efforts to protect global forest areas. </li>



<li>Establishing international treaties focused on eliminating coal and preventing new fossil fuel exploration.</li>
</ul>



The authors underscore the necessity for equity and social justice in all climate-related decisions. They clearly recognize the disproportionate impact of climate calamities on the world&#8217;s most impoverished populations, who have the smallest carbon footprints.



In a world where climate-related disasters are becoming the norm rather than the exception, this clarion call from the scientific community is more urgent than ever. It implores global leaders, decision-makers, and individuals alike to embark on a more sustainable path, with the understanding that the very future of life on Earth hinges on the actions humanity takes now.



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Life under siege: Earth’s vital signs reach an all-time low

Glp-1,Receptor,,Inactivated,And,Surrounded,By,An,Agonist,(semaglutide,,Red)

Sugar holds a strong place in many people’s diets, especially when stress runs high or snacks are within easy reach. While sugar’s appeal may feel irresistible, excessive consumption can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. 



Scientists may have discovered a natural way to regulate blood sugar and curb cravings, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weight-loss-drugs-could-save-an-enormous-number-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">akin to drugs like Ozempic</a>. They've been investigating the relationship between sugar intake, gut signals, and hormones that help control appetite.



Reducing sugar intake can be challenging, but experts emphasize that managing blood sugar lowers the risk of diabetes complications. 



Health guidelines suggest limiting added sugars to 9 teaspoons per day for men and 6 teaspoons per day for women. 



Though this might seem difficult, research points to gut microbes as a potential secret weapon against persistent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/americas-tide-of-obesity-is-rising-with-75-already-impacted/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cravings and obesity</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-glp-1-the-basics">Understanding GLP-1 - the basics</h2>



GLP-1, or glucagon-like peptide-1, is a hormone your body naturally produces in the gut. It plays a big role in managing blood sugar and appetite. 



After you eat, your intestines release GLP-1, which signals your pancreas to pump out insulin. At the same time, it tells your liver to slow down glucose production, keeping blood sugar levels steady. 



But GLP-1 doesn’t stop there - it also slows digestion and sends signals to your brain that make you feel full, which helps prevent overeating.



Drugs like <a href="https://www.ozempic.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ozempic</a>, <a href="https://www.wegovy.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wegovy</a>, and <a href="https://www.victoza.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Victoza</a> mimic GLP-1’s natural actions, helping control blood sugar and curb cravings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-signals-and-sugary-foods">Gut signals and sugary foods</h2>



Dr. Li from <a href="https://english.jiangnan.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jiangnan University</a> in China has been examining how gut signals might shape a person’s preference for sugary foods. 



In a recent publication, the authors state, “A growing body of research has revealed that our cravings for dietary components originate from signals sent from the gut, a key organ in transmitting dietary preferences.” 



This highlights the dynamic interaction between diet and gut microbes.



They also note, “However, which genes, gut flora, and metabolites in the gut microenvironment are involved in the regulation of sugar preference is currently unclear.” 



To understand this better, some studies have explored the role of hormones in sugar cravings, especially in individuals with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/type-2-diabetes-heightens-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">type 2 diabetes</a>. 



There is also evidence suggesting that those with certain genetic variations tied to FGF21 are about 20% more likely to consume high amounts of sweet foods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glp-1-and-gut-microbiota">GLP-1 and gut microbiota</h2>



One surprising discovery involves Ffar4, a receptor that influences gut microbiota composition. When Ffar4 levels decrease, the abundance of a gut microbe, Bacteroides vulgatus, may shift. 



Researchers at Jiangnan University have found that increasing this microbe in diabetic mice can “orchestrate the secretion of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weight-loss-drugs-could-save-an-enormous-number-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glucagon-like peptide-1</a> (GLP-1).” 



This microbe produces metabolic compounds that send signals linked to sugar cravings and energy balance.



Bacteroides vulgatus is known to produce pantothenate, a form of vitamin B5. Scientists report that pantothenate helps release GLP-1, a hormone tied to satiety and blood sugar regulation. 



GLP-1, in turn, triggers the release of another hormone, FGF21. When these signals function properly, the body manages sugar more effectively, ultimately reducing the urge for sweet foods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



People with type 2 diabetes often have impaired GLP-1 function, prompting researchers to explore ways to improve or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/olives-may-be-a-powerful-weapon-in-the-fight-against-obesity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mimic its activity</a>. 



GLP-1 agonist drugs, such as semaglutide, have proven effective in lowering blood sugar and controlling appetite. 



While these medications work, some scientists are investigating whether natural methods can stimulate the same hormonal pathways. The authors suggest their study “provides a strategy for diabetes prevention.”



This approach brings the gut microbiome into focus, as small changes in microbial makeup might have broader implications. 



If further research confirms similar outcomes in humans, it could influence how doctors approach <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neurons-discovered-that-tell-us-when-to-stop-eating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sugar cravings</a> and early diabetes management. 



Emerging studies indicate potential benefits in boosting beneficial gut microbes, but it remains unclear how soon this concept will translate into practical medical solutions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glp-1-microbiomes-and-the-future">GLP-1, microbiomes, and the future</h2>



Many questions remain about how gut microbes shape individual dietary choices. Researchers continue exploring whether manipulating these microbes could regulate sugar intake without drastic measures. 



Adjustments in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-microbiome-trillions-of-bacteria-unique-like-your-fingerprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbe populations</a> might not only help balance blood sugar but also support overall health.



Evidence linking intestinal bacteria to hunger-regulating hormones is growing, raising hopes that these discoveries may curb sugar cravings before diabetes develops. 



Some might compare this to a helpful chain reaction: the gut microbe produces specific compounds, those compounds activate the body’s natural signals, and the result is steadier blood sugar control. 



While the future direction of this research is uncertain, ongoing discoveries about microbes and hormones provide valuable insights into maintaining health - and possibly preserving a sweet tooth in moderation.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-024-01902-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Microbiology</a>.



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Natural Ozempic alternative may soon be available for humans

Sugar holds a strong place in many people’s diets, especially...

Silly,Baby

Are babies born with a moral instinct for right and wrong, or do they figure it out after seeing how others behave? This question has stirred up lively debates in academic circles for years.



Some early experiments hinted that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-music-affects-a-babys-heartbeat-before-birth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">babies</a> can prefer helpful individuals over harmful ones, long before they can speak. Recent <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06288">findings</a> now cast doubt on the idea that morality is hardwired from birth. 



<a href="https://psych.ubc.ca/profile/kiley-hamlin/">Dr. Kiley Hamlin</a> at the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca/">University of British Columbia</a> has been leading important inquiries in this field.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moral-instincts-in-babies">Moral instincts in babies</h2>



<a href="https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/moral-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moral psychology</a> explores how people come to recognize acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Many have wondered if these sensitivities are in place from the start or shaped by social interaction.



<a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Locke</a> proposed that the human mind begins as a <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10615/10615-h/10615-h.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tabula rasa</a>, meaning a blank slate, with all knowledge stemming from experience. 



This perspective suggests that children develop moral judgments only after observing the actions of those around them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-replication-challenge">The replication challenge</h2>



In science, <a href="https://www.understandinghealthresearch.org/useful-information/replicability-26" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">replicability</a> means being able to repeat a study and get consistent outcomes. Experts recently joined forces to re-assess whether infants truly favor characters who <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/desc.13581" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">help over those who hinder</a>.



They used video stimuli instead of live puppet shows and tested a large sample. Results indicated that infants did not show a consistent preference for pro-social figures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-explanations">Possible explanations</h2>



One possibility is that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-hear-far-more-speech-at-home-than-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">babies</a> need more time in the world before they form strong impressions about right and wrong. Others suspect small changes in the method can influence an infant’s attention and choices.



“Some people will jump to the interpretation that [the results show] the original finding was incorrect...we shouldn’t be so quick to jump to conclusions,” posted <a href="https://ccsre.stanford.edu/people/michael-c-frank" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michael Frank</a>, founder of the <a href="https://manybabies.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ManyBabies</a> consortium. 



Researchers note that subtle differences in presentation might explain the mixed outcomes.



Classic theories from <a href="https://archive.org/details/moraljudgmentofc0000piag" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jean Piaget</a> suggest children’s moral judgments evolve in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-climate-change-is-impacting-infant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stages</a>, moving from a focus on consequences to an understanding of intentions. 



If moral reasoning develops over time, it may be less obvious in infants who are still exploring their surroundings.



Lawrence Kohlberg’s <a href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofmora0001kohl" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">six-stage sequence</a> also implies that advanced moral thinking requires cognitive growth. Babies, by contrast, could be years away from processing moral conflicts at that level.



Some point out that in many cultures, parents quickly step in to shape moral behavior, teaching children to recognize good and bad acts. <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Why_Do_Men_Barbecue.html?id=Fpq_xqLBe4kC" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Early environment</a> may thus play a bigger role than expected.



Others highlight that investigating infant behavior is tricky. A slight alteration in setting might change how babies react in ways that do not necessarily map onto their moral understanding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-babies-morals">Future research on babies morals</h2>



Researchers continue to refine designs that capture genuine responses from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mothers-gut-health-shapes-the-brain-development-of-her-baby/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infants</a>. Eye tracking, heart rate measures, and brain imaging could offer clearer insights without relying solely on manual choices.



Some wonder if there is an innate core to morality. Paul Bloom’s <a href="https://archive.org/details/justbabiesorigin0000bloo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">work</a> argues that young children may display compassion or empathy when someone is hurt.



Another perspective is that moral awareness takes shape through simple interactions, like seeing a parent console someone who is upset. Repeated exposure to caring acts might steer children toward a preference for kindness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-studies-on-baby-morals-differ">Why studies on baby morals differ</h2>



Discrepancies between studies can reflect the complexity of human development. Babies are not miniature adults, and their responses can hinge on momentary factors like mood or alertness.



Large-scale collaborations offer a powerful way to handle variability across labs. This approach increases confidence in the findings by recruiting diverse samples of children from different backgrounds.



Yet, even large efforts cannot offer the final word on infant morality. Researchers remain eager to keep testing new methods and refine our understanding of how these little humans begin to judge right and wrong.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-parents">Implications for parents</h2>



Some experts propose that parents observe their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-immune-systems-have-hidden-and-surprising-strength/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">child</a>’s spontaneous reactions to kindness or aggression. This can guide gentle interventions and conversations that frame empathy as a cherished value.



Simple acts, like praising a toddler for sharing, may spark early moral awareness. Subtle encouragement could pave the way for deeper ethical reasoning later in childhood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-questions">Ongoing questions</h2>



Many psychologists wonder if moral responses differ in babies raised in close-knit communities versus more individualistic settings. 



Broader cross-cultural studies could reveal whether certain behaviors are consistent across societies or shaped by local customs.



Debates about morality in infancy are far from settled. Each fresh result invites new theories, and the field thrives on reevaluating what it truly means to be human.



New data-collection methods, including real-time parent diaries, may refine how researchers track changes in infant reactions across many months. Capturing these everyday moments could lead to a fuller picture of early moral inclinations.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06288" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Developmental Science</a>.



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Are babies born with morals, or is morality a learned behavior? Scientists think they know

Are babies born with a moral instinct for right and...

Agroforestry has long been overlooked in the farming community, with many believing that trees and agriculture are incompatible. However, this integrated approach - combining trees, shrubs, and traditional farming methods - offers significant benefits for both farmers and the environment.



Despite its potential to improve soil health, enhance biodiversity, and increase profitability, agroforestry adoption in the U.S. Midwest remains surprisingly low. Now, researchers at the <a href="https://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a> are working to change that narrative.



The experts argue that widespread agroforestry adoption requires strategic planning that considers environmental, social, and economic factors to make it a viable and attractive option for farmers across the Midwest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-benefits-of-agroforestry">Surprising benefits of agroforestry</h2>



While most studies have focused on the agronomy and ecology elements of agroforestry, study lead author Sarah Castle noted that not enough attention has been given to the social and economic impacts of these practices.



"It turns out those factors dramatically shift our priorities for targeting agroforestry in certain areas," she emphasized. 



Castle conducted much of this research during her doctoral studies at the university and is currently a postdoc at Yale School of the Environment, while also being a scholar at Illinois.



The research team set out to create a tool that would pinpoint areas where agroforestry could yield the highest environmental benefits. The sites needed to be economically viable, socially acceptable, and inhabited by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> that could thrive under agroforestry practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-agroforestry-with-combined-data">Mapping agroforestry with combined data</h2>



Combining social attitudes, economic feasibility, and environmental data was a monumental task.



“We took all of these different data layers, normalized them so they were comparable, and combined them very intentionally to conduct a holistic assessment. One of the most helpful parts of that process was conducting key informant interviews," noted Castle.



The researchers interacted with individuals from Illinois Extension, the USDA National Agroforestry Center, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Savanna Institute to gain feedback on their approach.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-intentional-mapping">Power of intentional mapping</h2>



The team succeeded in developing a valuable asset - a map that identifies regions where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-technologies-can-reverse-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agroforestry could be a sustainable solution</a> for soil erosion, water quality, and climate concerns. The map could also enhance profitability for lands unsuitable for routine crops.



The researchers mentioned a staggering estimate of the potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sequestration</a> if agroforestry was implemented in the most appropriate areas in the Midwest.



"Expanding these practices across just 5% of suitable Midwestern agricultural land could store 43 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per year," said study co-author Professor Chloe Wardropper.



When compared to cover <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-cover-crops-may-be-the-future-of-sustainable-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crops</a>, which are approximated to store about 8.4 million tons of CO2e per year on similar lands, the potential benefits of agroforestry are undeniable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-personalized-support-tool">A personalized support tool </h2>



To further support their cause, the research team decided to make their mapping tool available for everyone - landowners, conservation scientists, and policymakers - completely free of charge.



This decision-support tool allows users to adjust parameters based on their specific agroforestry goals. 



“Say you want to run an assessment only on one tree species, or only considering economics, or setting economics as five times more important than environmental factors," said Castle. 



"Users of the decision support tool can set their parameters based on their specific agroforestry goals and rerun the analysis to create their own maps for Midwest states, counties, and watersheds."



Every region may have a suitable agroforestry practice since each one has unique spatial opportunities. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agroforestry-can-be-adapted-to-any-farm">Agroforestry can be adapted to any farm</h2>



Professor Wardropper, taking the example of windbreaks, reminds us that introducing agroforestry does not necessarily imply revolutionizing the entire farm.



"There are a lot of ways a landowner/operator can really tailor agroforestry to the types of benefits that they're looking for," said Professor Wardropper, emphasizing that the transition to agroforestry can be gradual, less costly, and manageable.



Ultimately, the scientists are changing the way we think about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-nutrient-loss-due-to-heavy-rainfall-threatens-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agriculture</a>. By integrating trees into their farming practices, farmers in the Midwest can help to create a sustainable future for themselves and for the planet.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1072858" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Research Letters</a>.



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Agroforestry could transform farming in the Midwest

Agroforestry has long been overlooked in the farming community, with...

Researchers have introduced a new material that is as sturdy as steel yet as airy as foam. They harnessed the power of artificial intelligence (AI) and a high-precision 3D printer to fine-tune its shape, aiming for maximum strength without adding weight to the material.



According to the engineers, their invention could have major implications for manufacturing items that require both strength and lightness, particularly vehicles aiming to improve fuel efficiency.



Professor Tobin Filleter from the <a href="https://www.utoronto.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Toronto</a> helped lead this effort, bringing years of expertise in the mechanical behavior of materials. 



He and his team worked alongside collaborators who explored ways to build micro-scale <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-wonder-material-changing-the-world-is-officially-declared-safe-for-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">structures</a> with precisely arranged features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-searching-for-the-right-shape">Searching for the right shape</h2>



The researchers started by testing possible shapes through computer simulations, and attempting to distribute applied stresses evenly. 



This meant reducing weak points, which often cause sudden collapses in conventional lightweight <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/construction-materials-could-store-carbon-in-homes-and-buildings-helping-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">structures</a>.



"It didn't just replicate successful geometries from the training data; it learned from what changes to the shapes worked and what didn't, enabling it to predict entirely new lattice geometries," said Peter Serles, an engineering researcher at <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caltech</a>.



The planning phase fed a machine learning algorithm that learned how each shape withstood pressure. But, it did more than just rehash old ideas.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-ai-for-better-material-designs">Using AI for better material designs</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposing-the-hidden-climate-costs-of-everyday-materials/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Traditional</a> materials often force a compromise between strength and toughness. Many ceramic-like substances can bear large loads but shatter easily. The team wanted something that balanced both.



They relied on <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-021-01147-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nano-architected designs</a> to reach that sweet spot. By incorporating carefully engineered patterns at the microscopic scale, these <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1252291" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">structures</a> can achieve higher load capacities than bulk materials of the same density.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-advantage-of-3d-printing">Taking advantage of 3D printing</h2>



Once the algorithm suggested the best <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-process-converts-microplastics-into-valuable-graphene-wonder-material/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shapes</a>, the researchers used a specialized 3D printer that works with polymers at incredibly fine scales.



Next, they baked these printed lattices to leave behind carbon. The result is a <a href="https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.201701850" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanolattice</a> that resists high stress without crumbling.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/carbon-nanolattices_Bayesian-optimization_design-flow_credit-UToronto_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/carbon-nanolattices_Bayesian-optimization_design-flow_credit-UToronto_1s.webp" alt="Multi-objective Bayesian optimization for generative design of carbon nanolattices with high compressive stiffness and strength at low density. a) Illustration of process workflow. b) The top four MBO CFCC geometries with their 2D Bézier curves. c,d) FESEM images of CFCC MBO-3 and Standard CFCC of equivalent density. Credit: University of Toronto" class="wp-image-1959457"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Multi-objective Bayesian optimization for generative design of carbon nanolattices with high compressive stiffness and strength at low density. a) Illustration of process workflow. b) The top four MBO CFCC geometries with their 2D Bézier curves. c,d) FESEM images of CFCC MBO-3 and Standard CFCC of equivalent density. Credit: University of Toronto</figcaption></figure>



Advanced machines allow delicate features to be printed in a fraction of an inch, which opens doors for more complex geometries. That means scientists can now make shapes they once only imagined in simulations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-material-for-aerospace-efficiency">AI material for aerospace efficiency</h2>



"We hope that these new material designs will eventually lead to ultra-light weight components in aerospace applications, such as planes, helicopters and spacecraft, that can reduce fuel demands during flight while maintaining safety and performance," said Filleter.



If a craft needs less fuel, emissions decrease, along with operating costs.



One researcher explained that swapping titanium parts for this lighter alternative might yield yearly fuel savings of around 21 gallons for every 2.2 pounds (80 liters for every 10 kilograms) of material replaced. That adds up over multiple flights and repeated journeys across the globe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-beyond-aerospace">Expanding beyond aerospace</h2>



While the most obvious applications are in aviation and space travel, other industries could also benefit from these ultra-light, ultra-strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-system-captures-carbon-dioxide-directly-from-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">materials</a>.



The automotive sector, for instance, constantly seeks ways to improve fuel efficiency and battery range in electric vehicles. Lighter chassis and structural components could make a meaningful impact on performance.



Medical technology is another promising area. Researchers are exploring how these nano-architected materials might lead to stronger yet lightweight prosthetics, implants, and medical devices. 



Reducing material weight while maintaining strength could make wearable medical gear more comfortable and effective.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scaling-up-and-moving-forward">Scaling up and moving forward</h2>



The next challenge is to produce larger pieces without losing the benefits seen in the lab. Figuring out how to manufacture greater volumes of this carbon-based structure at a reasonable cost is high on the agenda.



Engineers also plan to experiment with variations that maintain stiffness while shaving off more weight. 



Each new design is another opportunity for the algorithm to refine its predictive skills, potentially raising strength limits even further.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-designed-material-and-the-future">AI-designed material and the future</h2>



These new insights are part of an ongoing effort to rethink how materials <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-new-wonder-material-earth-technology-found-moon-soil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perform</a>. Weight reduction is a key goal for many industries, from auto manufacturing to wind turbine construction, and this work offers a powerful tool to meet those needs.



Bringing AI into the materials world shows that old boundaries can sometimes be pushed aside. Once scaled up, these next-generation structures might show up in unexpected places, providing safety without the usual weight penalty.



The study was published in the online journal <a href="https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202410651" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advanced Materials</a>.



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New AI-designed material is light as foam, tough as steel

Researchers have introduced a new material that is as sturdy...

Archaeologists in eastern Kazakhstan have identified a puzzling structure that has sparked curiosity across global research circles. The newly unearthed site, dating back 3,800 years, features a six-sided outline that researchers call a pyramid.



Experts suggest that the monument stands around 10 feet (3 meters) high, leading some to believe it served a special purpose in its day. It shows a geometric design that has never before been documented in this region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-an-ancient-identity">Tracing an ancient identity</h2>



Archaeologists from the <a href="https://www.enu.kz/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University</a>, led by <a href="https://www.enu.kz/en/news/497" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ulan Umitkaliyev</a>, began exploring the <a href="https://arkeonews.net/tag/kyrykungir-complex-monument/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kyrykungir</a> site near Toktamys village in 2014. Their fieldwork exposed a labyrinth that appeared to guide visitors toward a central grave.



“The steppe pyramid is built with great precision; it is hexagonal. There are thirteen meters [43 feet] and eight rows of stones between each face,” said Umitkaliyev in an official statement shared across academic outlets.



Geometry held deep meaning for many Bronze Age societies across Asia. Builders often combined artistry and astronomy when planning large communal structures.



Certain groups in this area constructed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-eclipse-may-have-changed-the-architecture-of-ancient-egypt-forever/">funerary monuments</a> with earthen mounds to signal respect for influential members. Some experts think these layers of soil might have also helped preserve delicate objects buried below.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-layers-of-culture-and-craftsmanship">Layers of culture and craftsmanship</h2>



Researchers came across horse remains and elaborate ceramics, indicating that residents honored animals in their customs. A set of gold earrings was also recovered from the site, suggesting that metalwork had reached a high level of artistry here.



Experts link the site to the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1563011011000122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andronovo</a> communities, who thrived in parts of Central Asia from about 2000 to 900 BCE. They were known for domesticating horses and constructing stone structures that showed advanced skills.



One large outer wall of this hexagon was formed with megalithic stones, while the interior had multiple circles. No one is entirely sure if the entire space once had a roof or if it was left open to the elements.



It was reported that each of the six sides measures around 42 feet (13 meters) in length. The structure had an earthen covering at some point, though its current state shows plenty of exposure.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crucial-rare-earth-elements-discovered-coal-mines-united-states/">Items discovered</a> inside reflect the daily routines of a pastoral culture that relied on herding for survival. Bronze tools and ornaments suggest that trade networks provided essential metals and creative ideas.



Archaeological analysis indicates that animals were key symbols of community wealth in this region. Horse bones near the stone complexes reveal how these creatures supported transport and possibly ceremonial rites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-of-a-wider-bronze-age-network">Evidence of a wider Bronze Age network</h2>



Older monuments in this district reflect a cultural tapestry shaped by trade routes. Some experts believe these paths supported the spread of languages and belief systems along the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781444360790.ch36" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">steppe</a> corridors.



Ancient travelers carried more than precious goods when they crossed these open grasslands. They moved ideas, craftsmanship skills, and diverse customs that shaped societies along this path.



Historical records show that domesticated horses changed mobility in these regions. Scholars argue that equine culture let communities establish contact across great distances, sparking developments in weaving, pottery, and metal smelting.



Those influences likely seeped into the design of the six-sided pyramid. Some shapes and wall markings might connect to broader rituals that flourished across multiple settlements.



Sociologists who study cross-cultural interactions see similarities in how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bronze-age-technology-is-a-modern-solution-for-clean-energy/">Bronze Age</a> societies valued communal gathering spaces. Meeting points often included altars or sanctuaries where leaders made pivotal decisions.



Excavations from Afghanistan to the Caspian Sea show parallel patterns in burial practices. Graves frequently included personal ornaments, tools, and remnants of feasting that marked the deceased’s social standing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspectives-on-pyramids">New perspectives on pyramids</h2>



Investigations at this site continue to attract interest among historians, who look at ways that Bronze Age societies expressed status. Specialists also wonder if these stone ruins hold clues about alliances that linked distant clans.



Some point out that Bronze Age sites across Central Asia have often stayed in the background of global debates. They plan to compare architectural layouts from Kyrykungir with other monumental complexes in hopes of finding patterns.



Many remain fascinated by the puzzle of a hexagonal platform, which seems to have been the resting place of a privileged individual. Researchers hope to analyze further objects that may reveal how people combined <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-real-impact-of-burning-magic-herbs-in-spiritual-rituals/">spiritual beliefs</a> with decorative customs.



The study is detailed in the online publication, <a href="https://arkeonews.net/archaeologists-have-discovered-a-large-sized-4000-year-old-steppe-pyramid-of-the-bronze-age-in-kazakhstan/">Arkeonews</a>.



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3,800-year-old hexagonal pyramid discovered, possibly a royal tomb

Archaeologists in eastern Kazakhstan have identified a puzzling structure that...

Think back to the vibrant coral reef ecosystems often depicted in cartoons during your childhood - thriving habitats teeming with fish, anemones, and other marine life. In reality, many of these reefs are now facing severe environmental stress and declining health. However, innovative solutions offer hope for their recovery. 



One such advancement is the Underwater Zooplankton Enhancement Light Array (UZELA), a programmable, autonomous submersible light system developed by researchers to support coral reef ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artificial-light-to-boost-coral-reefs">Artificial light to boost coral reefs</h2>



UZELA is designed to attract zooplankton - microscopic aquatic organisms that serve as a crucial food source for corals - by emitting specific wavelengths of light. 



By enhancing local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zooplankton-are-rapidly-escalating-the-threat-of-nanoplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zooplankton</a> availability, this technology has the potential to bolster coral nutrition and resilience in the face of environmental challenges.



After a rigorous six-month testing period on two species of coral native to Hawaii, researchers found that UZELA significantly increased local zooplankton density and boosted the feeding rates of both healthy and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bleached-coral-reefs-recover-quickly-in-the-absence-of-human-influences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bleached coral</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reefs-on-the-brink-of-collapse">Reefs on the brink of collapse</h2>



Providing corals with greater amounts of food makes them stronger and more likely to be resilient against certain environmental threats, such as heat stress and ocean acidification.



"This result is particularly striking, especially as rising ocean temperatures are pushing entire coral reefs to the brink of collapse," said Andrea Grottoli, lead author of the study and a professor of earth sciences at <a href="https://www.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ohio State University</a>.



“Coral reefs house one-third of all marine species, yet occupy less than 1% of the ocean,” she added. “They are disproportionately responsible for ocean health, and we’re at risk of losing them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valuable-tool-for-coral-reef-restoration">Valuable tool for coral reef restoration </h2>



Millions of people rely on coral reefs, as they support fishing industries and protect coastal communities from threats such as erosion and floods. 



However, at the current rate of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-accelerating-beyond-control-as-co2-levels-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>, projections indicate that these vital coral reefs could face complete devastation by 2050, endangering the delicate ecosystems they sustain.



Although UZELA is only a short-term solution, Grottoli believes the artificial light system could be a valuable tool for coral restoration efforts.



“Think of it as a band-aid for about a couple decades,” Grottoli said. “It can protect some corals in some places, sometimes.”



The team also discovered that UZELA, which operates for six months on a single battery, optimizes coral feeding time by functioning for just one hour after sunset each day. 



While artificial lights have the potential to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disrupt marine life</a>, researchers emphasize that UZELA does not harm the environment or interfere with the movement of other zooplankton in the area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artificial-light-benefits-for-coral-reefs">Artificial light benefits for coral reefs</h2>



“If you imagine zooplankton in a column floating above coral, instead of being naturally dispersed, UZELA is just pulling them down, but it’s not taking away from the coral beside it,” explained Grottoli. 



“We show that if you put the coral close to the light, they benefit from that concentrated zooplankton, and feeding rates go up 10- to 50-fold.”



This increase in feeding meets approximately 18-68% of a coral's metabolic demand, meaning that increased zooplankton intake significantly supports coral survivorship and persistence.



“The real intent of this project is to inject new technology and energy into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reef-sounds-the-melodic-key-to-coral-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral restoration</a> success,” Grottoli added. “It’s something that can be deployed strategically for high-value reefs or projects that have already had significant investment.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-coral-restoration">The future of coral restoration</h2>



While the current generation of UZELA devices is handmade, the team is collaborating with an Ohio-based engineering company to make the technology more manufacturable. 



Enhanced versions of the device are expected to be available within the next one to three years.



“We are not mitigating climate change fast enough to save coral, and UZELA is not going to instantly save coral reefs,” Grottoli noted. “But it is an exciting solution that will buy us time as we work toward a more sustainable environment.”



The research was supported by the <a href="https://www.uhfoundation.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hawai’i Foundation</a>, the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation</a>, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (<a href="https://www.darpa.mil" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DARPA</a>).



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lom3.10669" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Limnology and Oceanography Methods</a>.



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How artificial light can boost coral reef recovery

Think back to the vibrant coral reef ecosystems often depicted...

Australia is home to some of the world’s most unique and fragile wildlife. Among them is the Gilbert’s potoroo - a small, nocturnal marsupial that once seemed lost to history.



For over a century, scientists believed it had vanished, another victim of habitat destruction and introduced predators. That belief changed in 1994 when researchers made an astonishing discovery that would launch a decades-long conservation effort.



A new study has explored the journey of this critically endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/otters-have-the-ability-to-restore-delicate-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> from its rediscovery to ongoing recovery initiatives.



Led by the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (<a href="https://www.dbca.wa.gov.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DBCA</a>), in partnership with university researchers and <a href="https://www.potoroo.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Gilbert’s Potoroo Action Group</a>, the study provides insight into the challenges and successes of saving Australia’s rarest marsupial.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-thought-gilbert-s-potoroo-was-extinct">Scientists thought Gilbert’s potoroo was extinct</h2>



Before its rediscovery, the Gilbert’s potoroo was known only from a few <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-earths-most-endangered-plants-from-extinction-proving-difficult-botanic-gardens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preserved specimens</a> that were collected in the 19th century. Scientists assumed the species had disappeared, like so many others that cannot withstand the pressures of land clearing and introduced predators.



That changed in 1994 when Dr. Elizabeth Sinclair, then a Ph.D. student at <a href="https://www.uwa.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Western Australia</a>, made a remarkable find. 



While conducting research at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve near Albany, she identified a population of Gilbert’s potoroos surviving in a small area of coastal heathland. The discovery astonished the scientific community and reignited hope that this marsupial could be saved.



Dr. Tony Friend, the study’s lead author, recalled the momentous nature of the find. "When we surveyed the rediscovered population, we found that only about 40 individuals remained in a small area of heathland on Mount Gardner."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-diet-of-the-gilbert-s-potoroo">Unique diet of the Gilbert’s potoroo</h2>



Once scientists confirmed the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-we-failing-the-worlds-most-threatened-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a>’ existence, they had to learn how to protect it. They quickly discovered that the potoroo relies almost entirely on underground fungi for food, which is a diet unlike that of any other marsupial in Australia.



This dependency on a single food source made habitat conservation an urgent priority. Without a healthy ecosystem that supported the growth of these fungi, the species could not survive.



Predation by foxes and feral cats posed another significant threat. With such a small population, even a single predator could have devastating effects. Conservationists began working on strategies to keep the potoroo safe while ensuring its habitat remained intact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-insurance-populations">Creating insurance populations</h2>



Recognizing the risk of keeping the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marsupials-are-key-to-healthy-ecosystems-in-australia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">population</a> in one location, scientists took action. Between 2005 and 2014, they established two "insurance populations" in separate locations to safeguard the species against disasters. 



One group was placed on Bald Island off Cheynes Beach, a predator-free sanctuary that provided a safe environment for the potoroo to breed. The second group was introduced into a specially designed enclosure in <a href="https://exploreparks.dbca.wa.gov.au/park/waychinicup-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Waychinicup National Park</a>, which also offered protection from predators.



These efforts proved crucial in 2015 when disaster struck the potoroo population at Two Peoples Bay. A catastrophic bushfire swept through the reserve, wiping out much of the original habitat.



Without the insurance populations, the species might have disappeared entirely. Scientists are now using individuals from these protected groups to reintroduce the potoroo back into its natural range.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-genetic-diversity">Importance of genetic diversity</h2>



A major challenge in conservation is maintaining genetic diversity, especially for species with extremely small populations. Dr. Sinclair, a co-author of the study, highlighted the importance of understanding the species’ genetic structure.



"Understanding the genetic makeup of the remaining Gilbert's potoroo populations is crucial for maintaining their long-term viability," she said.



By studying the genetics of the surviving potoroos, scientists can make informed decisions about breeding and relocation efforts. This knowledge helps prevent inbreeding and ensures the species remains resilient in the face of the current environmental changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-climate-and-habitat-challenges">Addressing climate and habitat challenges</h2>



Beyond genetics, other long-term challenges remain. Habitat destruction, climate change, and shifting environmental conditions continue to threaten the potoroo’s future. Effective fire management is now a top priority, as uncontrolled wildfires pose a major risk to the remaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-is-tracking-endangered-animal-habitats-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">populations</a>.



Predator control also remains essential. Foxes and feral cats, introduced to Australia by European settlers, are responsible for the decline of many native species, including the potoroo. 



Conservationists are working on strategies to manage these threats while ensuring the potoroo’s habitat remains suitable for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-involvement-in-conservation">Community involvement in conservation</h2>



The fight to save the Gilbert’s potoroo extends beyond scientists and government agencies. Community involvement has played a vital role in the species’ survival. 



The Gilbert’s Potoroo Action Group has been instrumental in raising awareness and securing funding for conservation efforts. Local volunteers contribute by monitoring populations, assisting with habitat restoration, and advocating for continued protection.



Public education also plays a significant role in conservation success. By teaching people about the importance of biodiversity and the threats facing native species, conservation groups hope to inspire long-term commitment to protecting Australia’s unique wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fight-to-save-gilbert-s-potoroo">Fight to save Gilbert’s potoroo </h2>



Despite the challenges, there is still hope for the Gilbert’s potoroo. The insurance populations have provided a crucial lifeline, and scientists continue to work on strategies to ensure the species’ long-term survival. 



Research into habitat restoration and climate resilience offers new possibilities for strengthening <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protecting-just-0-7-of-land-can-save-many-unique-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> efforts.



Dr. Friend remains optimistic about the future. "The regenerating habitat at Two Peoples Bay remains a valuable resource for future recovery efforts," he said.



The road ahead will not be easy, but the dedication of researchers, conservationists, and the wider community has given the potoroo a fighting chance. If efforts continue, this remarkable marsupial may yet avoid extinction and thrive once more in the wild.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/PC/PC24103" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pacific Conservation Biology</a>.



Image Credit: University of Western Australia



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World's rarest marsupial is fighting for survival - again

Australia is home to some of the world’s most unique...

Last month set a new record for the hottest January ever documented, surprising climate experts who had expected that a developing La Niña would finally start easing a prolonged bout of unusual heat.



According to the <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a>, January 2025 was 1.75°C warmer than in pre-industrial times, continuing a notable series of high-temperature records spanning 2023 and 2024. 



Human-generated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a> have largely driven this persistent warming trend.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-weaker-la-nina-than-anticipated">A weaker La Niña than anticipated</h2>



Most climate scientists anticipated that the exceptional heat wave would lose momentum once an El Niño event - peaking in January 2024 - gave way to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">La Niña</a>, which typically brings a temporary cooling effect.&nbsp;



Yet temperatures have remained at, or near, record-breaking levels, prompting discussion about additional factors that may be elevating global warmth beyond forecasts.



Researchers caution that even slight increments in global temperature magnify both the intensity and frequency of extreme weather phenomena such as heatwaves, severe rainfall, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-extreme-weather-events-are-escalating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerning-jump-in-january-heat">Concerning jump in January heat</h2>



January exceeded the previous monthly record (set in January 2024) by 0.09°C, a margin that Copernicus climate scientist Julien Nicolas described as “sizeable” in the context of global temperature shifts.&nbsp;



“This is what makes it a bit of a surprise...you're not seeing this cooling effect, or temporary brake at least, on the global temperature that we were expecting to see,” said Nicolas.



Stefan Rahmstorf from the <a href="https://www.uni-potsdam.de/en/university-of-potsdam" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Potsdam</a> pointed out that this is the first time in recorded data that a La Niña phase has yielded temperatures higher than those during the preceding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a>.&nbsp;



“This is of serious concern - over the past sixty years, all twenty five La Niña January's have been cooler than surrounding years,” said Rahmstorf.



This year’s La Niña is predicted to be mild, and Copernicus reported evidence that surface temperatures in parts of the equatorial Pacific may be slowing or stalling the expected move toward cooler conditions. Nicolas noted that the phenomenon could vanish entirely by March.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surpassing-the-paris-agreement-goal">Surpassing the Paris Agreement goal</h2>



Last month, Copernicus announced that the average global temperature for 2023 and 2024 had, for the first time, surpassed 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.&nbsp;



Though this does not confirm a permanent breach of the long-term Paris Agreement goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C, it does reveal that the threshold is being tested.



Overall, scientists do not anticipate 2025 to eclipse 2023 and 2024’s record-breaking heat; they predict it will probably rank as the third-warmest year.&nbsp;



Nonetheless, Copernicus plans to carefully track <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-broke-records-for-450-straight-days/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean temperatures</a> in 2025 to learn more about the planet’s evolving climate conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-oceans-in-climate-change">The role of oceans in climate change</h2>



Oceans function as a crucial moderator of Earth’s climate and a major carbon sink. Cooler sea waters are able to capture more heat from the air, thereby contributing to reduced atmospheric temperatures.&nbsp;



Cooler oceans also hold on to around 90 percent of the extra heat produced by the burning of fossil fuels.



“This heat is bound to resurface periodically,” Nicolas said. “I think that's also one of the questions - is this what has been happening over the past couple of years?”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astonishing-heat-in-january">Astonishing heat in January</h2>



Sea surface temperatures have reached notably high levels throughout 2023 and 2024; in January alone, they were the second warmest ever recorded. “That is the thing that is a little puzzling - why they remain so warm,” Nicolas added.



University College London climate researcher Bill McGuire described it as “astonishing and frankly terrifying” that January remained near record highs even after La Niña conditions emerged.&nbsp;



Meanwhile, Joel Hirschi from the UK’s <a href="https://noc.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Oceanography Center</a> advised restraint when interpreting only one month’s data, remarking that peaks had also been noted after past El Niño phases, even with La Niña underway.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explanations-for-record-heat-nbsp">Explanations for record heat&nbsp;</h2>



Scientists generally concur that the long-term rise in global temperatures is primarily caused by burning fossil fuels, though natural climate cycles can influence yearly temperature variations.&nbsp;



Still, experts say that El Niño alone cannot explain what has transpired in the atmosphere and oceans, meaning other explanations are being explored.



One possibility is that the move toward cleaner shipping fuels that began in 2020 has accelerated warming by curtailing sulfur-based emissions that help form sunlight-reflecting clouds.&nbsp;



Another study, published in December, questioned whether fewer low-altitude clouds might be letting more heat reach Earth’s surface.



“These are avenues that must be taken seriously, and remain open,” said Robert Vautard, a top researcher with the UN’s <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hottest-earth-in-125-000-years">Hottest Earth in 125,000 years</h2>



Copernicus harnesses billions of measurements from satellites, ships, planes, and weather stations to form its climate estimates.&nbsp;



Though the agency’s own records trace back to 1940, other climate data sources - like ice cores, tree rings, and coral skeletons - enable scientists to extrapolate findings from a much deeper past.



Based on that broader array of evidence, researchers believe that the current period could well be the hottest Earth has experienced for at least 125,000 years.



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'Astonishing' global temperatures in January 2025 surprised scientists

Last month set a new record for the hottest January...

Last year, a study suggested that deposits of carbon dioxide ice and other carbon-bearing molecules on Uranus’s moon Ariel likely originated from internal chemical processes - possibly even from a subsurface ocean.



Now, new research provides insight into how these materials may have reached, or may still be reaching, the moon’s surface.&nbsp;



Led by <a href="https://www.jhuapl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">APL</a> planetary geologist Chloe Beddingfield, the research points to medial grooves - trenches that cut through Ariel’s massive canyons - as the likely pathways for this movement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-ariel-s-interior-nbsp">Mysteries of Ariel’s interior&nbsp;</h2>



The findings indicate that these medial grooves function similarly to spreading centers on Earth, where new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uranus-moon-ariel-may-have-a-hidden-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oceanic crust</a> forms as internal material rises to the surface.



“If we're right, these medial grooves are probably the best candidates for sourcing those carbon oxide deposits and uncovering more details about the moon's interior,” Beddingfield said. “No other surface features show evidence of facilitating the movement of materials from inside Ariel, making this finding particularly exciting.”



Ariel’s grooves are among the youngest known features on its surface. Scientists have long debated whether they formed through fissures caused by tectonic forces or through volcanic activity.&nbsp;



The team analyzed images captured by NASA’s Voyager 2 - the only spacecraft to have flown past <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-photo-of-uranus-and-its-rings-and-moons-captured-by-the-webb-telescope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uranus</a> and its moons - and concluded that these features more closely resemble spreading centers rather than volcanic conduits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-spreading-center-theory">The spreading center theory</h2>



One key piece of evidence comes from the way the canyon walls on either side of the medial grooves align. When the central canyon floors are digitally removed, the walls fit together like puzzle pieces, suggesting they were once joined before being pulled apart.&nbsp;



Additionally, the canyon floors feature regularly spaced ridges that resemble excavation tracks - patterns consistent with successive depositions of material, a hallmark of spreading centers.



Beddingfield explained that spreading centers arise from convection cells beneath the crust. As heat from Ariel’s interior pushes material upward, the surface cracks open, spreading apart as new material emerges and gradually cools.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-influence-of-tidal-forces-nbsp">The influence of tidal forces&nbsp;</h2>



Ariel, along with several other Uranian moons, has undergone multiple periods of geological activity, likely due to tidal forces.&nbsp;



These forces arise from orbital resonances - precise ratios in the orbital periods of moons that generate repeated gravitational interactions. The interactions create cycles of internal heating, potentially melting parts of the icy interior and then refreezing them over time.



“It’s a fascinating situation - how this cycle affects these moons, their evolution, and their characteristics,” Beddingfield said.



Some scientists believe that these resonances could have helped maintain subsurface oceans beneath Ariel and its smaller neighboring moon, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/miranda-uranus-moon-may-have-hidden-ocean-possibly-extraterrestrial-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Miranda</a>.&nbsp;



A recent 2024 <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ad77d7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a>, co-authored by APL’s Tom Nordheim, proposed that such tidal forces might have created an ocean within Miranda’s interior - one that could still exist today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ariel-s-internal-structure">Ariel’s internal structure</h2>



Ariel’s medial grooves could provide important clues about the moon’s internal structure, particularly regarding the presence of an ocean.&nbsp;



Nordheim noted that carbon-bearing compounds do not last long on planetary surfaces due to space weathering, suggesting that these materials must have been deposited relatively recently.



“These new results suggest a possible mechanism for emplacing fresh material and short-lived compounds, including carbon monoxide and perhaps ammonia-bearing species on the surface,” Nordheim said.



However, Beddingfield cautioned against making direct connections between Ariel’s possible ocean and the medial grooves.



“The size of Ariel’s possible ocean and its depth beneath the surface can only be estimated, but it may be too isolated to interact with spreading centers,” she explained.&nbsp;



“There’s just a lot we don’t know. And while <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-carbon-ices-discovered-objects-beyond-neptune-kuiper-belt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon oxide ices</a> are present on Ariel’s surface, it’s still unclear whether they’re associated with the grooves because Voyager 2 didn’t have instruments that could map the distribution of ices.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-exploration-of-uranus">Future exploration of Uranus</h2>



Study co-author Richard Cartwright emphasized that further exploration is necessary to confirm the role of these medial grooves in transporting material from Ariel’s interior.



“We need an orbiter that can make close passes of Ariel, map its medial grooves in detail, and analyze their spectral signatures for components like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide,” said Cartwright.&nbsp;



“If carbon-bearing molecules are concentrated along these grooves, then it would strongly support the idea that they’re windows into Ariel’s interior.”



With Uranus gaining attention as a priority for future space exploration, Ariel and its enigmatic grooves may soon receive closer scrutiny. These investigations could unlock critical insights into the moon’s geological past - and potentially even into ongoing internal activity today.&nbsp;



The study is published in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ad9d3f" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Planetary Science Journal</a>.



Image Credit: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory



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Uranus's moon, Ariel, may have a hidden ocean under its frozen crust

Last year, a study suggested that deposits of carbon dioxide...

Plant-based meat alternatives have grown in popularity, yet many consumers remain hesitant to fully embrace them. 



While ethical, environmental, and health concerns drive interest, practical factors still play a crucial role in shaping consumer behavior. A new study sheds light on what really matters to people when choosing between meat and its substitutes.



A team of researchers from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (<a href="https://www.uni-halle.de/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MLU</a>), <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University Berlin</a>, and Georg August University Göttingen conducted a survey of 2,100 U.S. consumers. Their findings reveal that price has a greater influence on purchasing decisions than similarity to meat.



The study challenges common assumptions about consumer behavior in the growing market of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-are-perfecting-plant-based-meats-with-ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meat alternatives</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-most-people-do-not-oppose-plant-based-meat">Most people do not oppose plant-based meat</h2>



Despite an increasing variety of plant-based options, meat remains the dominant choice for most consumers. Many people still prefer traditional meat over substitutes, even though plant-based alternatives have been widely available for years.



"Even though the supply of plant-based alternatives has been growing for years, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-thrived-on-plant-based-diets-not-meat-alone-780000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">demand for meat</a> persists. Unfortunately, there is very little reliable data on the general acceptance of meat alternatives, what conditions are required to make them more attractive, and whether or not they are just a fad," noted study lead author Steffen Jahn.



This knowledge gap has made it difficult for food producers and policymakers to understand how to promote plant-based options effectively. The researchers focused on the U.S. market because of its exceptionally high levels of meat consumption. 



"The United States is a country with one of the highest rates of meat consumption in the world. For example, around 25 kilograms of beef was consumed per capita alone in 2023," said Jahn.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consumers-burger-preferences">Consumers’ burger preferences</h2>



To understand consumer preferences, researchers presented participants with four burger choices. 



The options included a real beef burger, a plant-based burger designed to mimic meat (analog), a vegetarian burger that resembled meat in appearance but not taste or texture (semi-analog), and a falafel burger (non-analog). Participants viewed pictures and written descriptions of each burger before making a choice.



As expected, the majority of respondents - around three-quarters - chose the traditional beef burger. What surprised researchers was how the different plant-based options performed. The falafel burger turned out to be the most preferred <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-meat-less-protein-lacks-certain-nutrients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meat alternative</a>, while the plant-based analog burger ranked the lowest.



"However, we did not expect to find that the falafel burger was the most popular meat alternative, while the analog burger came in last place. This contradicts the widespread assumption that meat substitutes are only competitive if they are as close as possible to the original," explained Jahn.



The findings suggest that consumers may not necessarily want plant-based products that replicate meat. Instead, they might be more interested in options that stand on their own, rather than attempting to mimic animal-based foods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-price-parity-does-not-change-consumer-choices">Price parity does not change consumer choices</h2>



The second phase of the study examined whether lowering the price of meat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-plant-based-meat-alternatives-the-key-to-a-healthier-heart/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alternatives</a> would make them more attractive. 



Many advocates argue that plant-based foods should be priced the same as or lower than meat to encourage people to switch. However, the study found that simply matching prices does not significantly affect consumer decisions.



"Meat alternatives are currently more expensive than meat, which is why there are discussions about adjusting the prices into alignment. However, we found that price parity has no real effect on people's choices," noted Jahn.



This means that if plant-based alternatives and meat cost the same, most consumers will still choose traditional meat. Price alone does not drive them toward substitutes unless there is a noticeable financial advantage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consumers-choosing-plant-based-meat">Consumers choosing plant-based meat</h2>



Although price parity does not influence consumers, meaningful discounts do. The study found that when plant-based burgers were at least 10% cheaper than their meat counterparts, sales of meat alternatives increased by 14%. 



When the price of a plant-based burger dropped to half the price of a beef burger, the number of consumers choosing the alternative doubled.



These results indicate that a strong financial incentive can shift consumer behavior. Price-sensitive shoppers, especially those who do not have a strong preference for meat, may opt for plant-based alternatives if the price difference is large enough.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-men-switch-to-meat-alternatives-faster">Men switch to meat alternatives faster</h2>



An interesting trend emerged when researchers examined the impact of price on different demographic groups. 



The study found that men, who are generally more attached to meat-based diets, are more likely to switch when the price of plant-based options drops. Even those who had never tried a meat alternative before were more willing to give it a chance if they saw a significant price advantage.



This challenges the common assumption that women are more likely to adopt plant-based diets. While women may show more interest in vegetarian or vegan foods for health and ethical reasons, men appear to be more motivated by financial savings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-perception-in-consumer-choices">Role of perception in consumer choices</h2>



Beyond price, perception plays a key role in how people view meat alternatives. Consumers often associate plant-based burgers with ultra-processed foods, which have a negative reputation. 



Some may avoid them due to concerns about artificial ingredients or the belief that they are not as healthy as whole-food plant-based meals.



"Restaurants and food manufacturers might actually be able to increase their sales of vegetarian or vegan alternatives if they offered meat substitutes at lower prices than the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meat</a> options. A truly faithful imitation is not the goal here, our study suggests. Maybe it's because many people associate them with ultra-processed foods, which have a bad reputation," said Jahn.



This insight suggests that businesses should focus not just on lowering prices but also on improving the perception of plant-based products. Marketing efforts that emphasize natural ingredients and health benefits might help attract more consumers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-options-in-plant-based-meat">More options in plant-based meat</h2>



One of the key takeaways from the study is the importance of variety. Consumers have different preferences, and no single alternative will satisfy everyone. While some people prefer products that closely resemble meat, others are more open to entirely different plant-based options.



Based on these findings, the researchers recommend offering a broad range of plant-based choices rather than focusing solely on meat-like substitutes. Consumers may be more willing to try products that stand on their own rather than those that attempt to replicate meat exactly.



The study challenges traditional assumptions about meat alternatives and highlights the importance of price in shaping consumer choices. While plant-based products continue to grow in popularity, businesses and policymakers must consider what truly influences purchasing behavior. 



Lower prices and a diverse selection of options may be the key to encouraging more people to adopt plant-based diets.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2319016121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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People will switch to plant-based meat if it is cheaper than real meat

Plant-based meat alternatives have grown in popularity, yet many consumers...

Climate change is substantially affecting cocoa production in West and Central Africa, a region that accounts for more than 70% of global cocoa output.&nbsp;



Rising temperatures and altering rainfall patterns are projected to make some areas less suitable for cultivating cocoa, while allowing other areas to potentially increase their yields.



This is the conclusion of a recent study conducted by Wageningen University &amp; Research (WUR).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-shifts-in-key-producing-nations">Major shifts in key producing nations</h2>



Researcher Paulina Asante and her team employed a computer model to project how cocoa farming might fare by 2060 in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, and Cameroon.&nbsp;



The findings suggest that up to 50% of the land currently dedicated to cocoa in the Ivory Coast might become unviable, leading to a marked drop in production.&nbsp;



In Ghana, the study predicts a moderate loss of optimal cocoa-growing zones. By contrast, Nigeria and Cameroon may see an expansion in suitable areas.&nbsp;



According to the study, Cameroon’s output could climb by as much as 60%, while Nigeria could experience a roughly 40% increase.



The research highlight how divergent effects across neighboring countries could influence global cocoa markets. Some places may find opportunity in the shifting climate, but others risk having to phase out cocoa farming altogether.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-of-increased-deforestation">Risk of increased deforestation</h2>



With cocoa potentially migrating into new regions, concerns arise over environmental pressures and habitat loss, notes <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WUR</a> researcher Niels Anten.&nbsp;



“Cameroon has a relatively large amount of rainforest, and cocoa is often grown in areas that were originally tropical forests. This puts significant pressure on these ecosystems,” he said.



“Addressing the impact of climate change on cocoa requires an all-hands-on-deck approach. It affects every stage of the supply chain: farmers face reduced yields, businesses encounter rising costs, and consumers see higher prices,” added Asante.



“While collaboration can be challenging, it is crucial to help current production regions adapt and maintain production on existing plantations. This will prevent cocoa-related <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a> elsewhere and ensure that deforestation-free policies, like the EU law EUDR, deliver meaningful outcomes.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-projections-and-cocoa-production">Climate projections and cocoa production </h2>



The simulations rely on existing knowledge about cocoa’s biological responses alongside climate scenarios for West and Central Africa.&nbsp;



Nonetheless, researchers say there are still gaps in understanding. One unknown is the effect of extra atmospheric CO₂, which tends to boost <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revealing-the-secrets-of-photosynthesis-through-pep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a> and might partially offset damage from high temperatures and drought. The scale of that offset remains unclear.



Additionally, aspects like changes to flowering and fruiting times, as well as the evolution of pests and diseases under warmer conditions, still need further research.&nbsp;



The authors emphasize that this kind of inquiry should not be limited to cocoa alone: more efforts are needed to anticipate how other crops will cope with rising global temperatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-adaptation-for-cocoa-farmers">Climate adaptation for cocoa farmers</h2>



For smallholder farmers in West Africa, who already earn modest incomes and often lack resources, even modest climate shifts could be drastic. 



The authors call for productivity gains on existing farmland to mitigate these threats, pointing out that actual cocoa yields are far below their theoretical maximums.



Improved soil fertility management and carefully calibrated fertilizer use offer practical ways to narrow these yield gaps.&nbsp;



Agroforestry, where cocoa grows alongside other tree species, also shows promise. Shade trees can moderate temperature extremes, regulate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humidity-increases-urban-heat-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humidity</a>, and add new revenue streams to farmers’ operations.



“Choosing the right shade trees is essential. Some trees use too much water, exacerbating drought issues. It is crucial to select species suited to the local climate and soil conditions,” said Danaë Rozendaal, another researcher on the project.&nbsp;



Additional strategies include breeding cocoa plants resistant to drought and heat, as well as supporting farmers with practical training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-outlook-on-chocolate-and-prices">Outlook on chocolate and prices</h2>



This research was produced through collaboration among several WUR groups - the Center for Crop Systems Analysis, Plant Production Systems Group, and Forest Ecology &amp; Forest Management Group - together with cocoa industry partners, research institutions, NGOs, and local governments under the CocoaSoils program.



Rising temperatures and erratic rainfall are already placing cocoa trees under stress, particularly in the Ivory Coast, resulting in reduced harvests.&nbsp;



Consumer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sweet-discovery-eating-chocolate-can-add-years-to-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a> prices have risen in response, with some confectioners adding ingredients like cookie pieces to stretch their cocoa supply.



“I don’t think cocoa will become so scarce that chocolate letters will only be visible under a microscope in the future,” Anten said, “but the sector must adapt to the changing climate.”



The research into climate-related impacts on cocoa production across West and Central Africa is ongoing. Current studies are evaluating whether this core cocoa-producing region can keep up with climbing global demand while upholding EUDR requirements.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110393" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Agricultural and Forest Meteorology</a>.



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Cocoa production in Africa is under extreme climate pressure 

Climate change is substantially affecting cocoa production in West and...

Researchers in Sweden have reported control over a new kind of magnetism with the potential to boost electronic performance. Their work shows that this new class of magnetism, called altermagnetism, can increase memory device operation speeds by up to a thousand times. 



Scientists say it stands apart from the two widely known forms of magnetic order and may open doors to faster, more efficient technologies.



Scientists from the University of Nottingham's <a href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Physics and Astronomy</a> have confirmed this third category in microscopic devices, and their findings have been published in Nature. Professor Peter Wadley from the same institution led the research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-altermagnetism-the-basics">Understanding altermagnetism - the basics</h2>



Materials that exhibit altermagnetism contain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strong-magnetic-fields-leave-marks-on-nuclear-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic building blocks</a> that point antiparallel to one another, yet their crystal structure is rotated slightly relative to these neighboring units. 



"Altermagnets consist of magnetic moments that point antiparallel to their neighbors," Professor Wadley explains.



"However, each part of the crystal hosting these tiny moments is rotated with respect to its adjacent block. This is like <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/antiferromagnetism#:~:text=Antiferromagnetism%20refers%20to%20the%20phenomenon,variation%20in%20susceptibility%20with%20temperature." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antiferromagnetism</a> with a twist. But this subtle difference has huge ramifications."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-magnetic-properties">Bridging magnetic properties</h2>



Altermagnets combine the favorable properties of ferromagnets and antiferromagnets in one material. 



Conventional magnets, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, rely on aligned spins to deliver the familiar push-and-pull force of everyday magnets. 



In contrast, typical antiferromagnets cancel these forces, producing effects that are less noticeable from a distance. 



This new type links those features in a configuration that appears inactive from afar yet exhibits unique characteristics on a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transmitting-quantum-information-using-electron-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoscopic scale</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-altermagnetism-and-synchrotrons">Altermagnetism and synchrotrons</h2>



A specialized synchrotron experiment at the <a href="https://www.maxiv.lu.se/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MAX IV</a> international facility in Sweden helped confirm these properties. The facility produces X-rays by accelerating electrons to near-light speeds. 



An ultra-thin wafer of manganese telluride was bathed in X-rays of different polarizations to reveal patterns reflecting previously unobserved magnetic activity. 



"Our experimental work has provided a bridge between theoretical concepts and real-life realization, which hopefully illuminates a path to developing altermagnetic materials for practical applications," explained Senior Research Fellow Oliver Amin, who led the experiment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-nanoscale-magnetic-patterns">Capturing nanoscale magnetic patterns</h2>



The synchrotron facility - a circular structure sometimes described as a giant metal doughnut - can generate high-intensity X-rays. 



Scientists used a specialized microscope to detect electrons emitted from the material's surface under X-ray illumination. 



This process created images of magnetism with nanoscale resolution. The direct view of altermagnetic features revealed a distinctive twist in the arrangement of magnetic moments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionizing-memory-technology">Revolutionizing memory technology</h2>



Industry experts note that magnetic materials represent a large and important part of current memory technology. 



Many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-memory-crystal-data-storage-will-preserve-information-for-billions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data-storage systems</a> rely on ferromagnets, which constitute an enormous global business and are also a significant source of energy consumption. 



Swapping conventional materials for altermagnets could significantly reduce reliance on heavy elements while cutting carbon emissions. 



The researchers believe this approach might allow speeds up to a thousand times faster than those of some existing microelectronic components.



Ph.D. student Alfred Dal Din has participated in experiments to explore how altermagnets can be applied in modern technology. 



"To be among the first to observe the effects and properties of this promising new class of magnetic materials during my Ph.D. has been an immensely rewarding and challenging privilege," Din enthused.



The group hopes that these findings will encourage broader investigations into how altermagnets operate under different conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-altermagnetism-and-large-scale-fields">Altermagnetism and large-scale fields</h2>



Engineers are already considering how to harness these special effects. Many existing designs rely on ferromagnets for long-term data storage because they offer a strong, consistent magnetic signal. 



Materials with a hidden magnetism that emerges on the nanoscale could be used in faster electronic switching or more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-quantum-device-uses-crystal-layers-to-generate-entangled-photons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">compact memory</a> devices. 



Altermagnetism allows for the creation of structures that cancel large-scale fields while retaining a usable internal order.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-and-economic-benefits">Environmental and economic benefits</h2>



This discovery may have implications for a wide range of products. In microelectronics, every extra bit of speed helps reduce lag and energy usage. 



Altermagnets show promise as a new platform for addressing the twin challenges of efficiency and performance. 



Because these materials can be grown in thin films, it becomes easier to integrate them into existing device architectures. 



They do not require the same rare resources used by many strong ferromagnets - a factor that could help lower costs and lessen the overall environmental impact of tech manufacturing.



The next phase of this work involves refining the methods used to control altermagnetism. Some experts note that many discoveries in magnetism take years to become standard in electronics. 



Whether altermagnets soon make their way into everyday devices or not, the findings highlight the importance of exploring new paths in physics to address modern challenges.



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Image -- Mapping an altermagnetic vortex pair in MnTe. The six colors, with arrows overlayed, show the direction of the altermagnetic ordering within the material. The size of the region shown is 1μm2. Credit: Oliver Amin, University of Nottingham



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08234-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Third form of magnetism, recently confirmed, could transform electronics

Researchers in Sweden have reported control over a new kind...

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