
<p>In a stark update on the deteriorating condition of our planet, an international assembly of climate experts has reported that the Earth’s vital signs have declined to levels never before witnessed in human history. This critical state threatens the very fabric of life on our planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-scientific-consensus">Unprecedented scientific consensus</h2>



<p>Led by William Ripple, a prominent figure from the Oregon State University <a href="https://www.forestry.oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">College of Forestry</a>, and Christopher Wolf, formerly associated with OSU, a team comprising 12 scientists has delivered a grim prognosis on Earth&#8217;s vital signs in their paper published in <em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/biosci/biad080" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BioScience</a></em>. </p>



<p>Titled &#8220;The 2023 State of the climate report: Entering uncharted territory,&#8221; the study underscores that a staggering 20 out of 35 planetary vital signs used as barometers for climate health have hit record extremes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-on-the-brink">World on the brink</h2>



<p>&#8220;Without decisive steps to address the fundamental issue of humanity&#8217;s overconsumption of the Earth&#8217;s resources, we are navigating towards the potential disintegration of natural and socioeconomic systems,&#8221; Wolf stated, painting a picture of a future marred by intolerable heat, food scarcity, and water shortages.</p>



<p>The authors highlight alarming data from 2023, pointing out that numerous records related to climate and Earth&#8217;s vital signs have been shattered &#8220;by enormous margins.&#8221; This includes unprecedented ocean temperatures, drastic reductions in sea ice, and an extraordinary Canadian wildfire season contributing to record levels of carbon dioxide emissions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-echoes-of-past-warnings">Echoes of past warnings</h2>



<p>This report is not the first of its kind. It follows a significant &#8220;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-pushed-earth-to-code-red/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency</a>&#8221; published four years ago, where Ripple, alongside other collaborators, received support from over 15,000 scientists from 161 countries. </p>



<p>Despite these earlier calls to action, little progress has been made, with Ripple emphasizing, &#8220;Life on our planet is unmistakably under assault.&#8221;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-climate-health-statistics">Alarming climate health statistics</h2>



<p>The report lays bare several shocking statistics that outline why Earth&#8217;s vital signs are at an all-time low.</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-chief-fossil-fuel-era-must-end-for-humanitys-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fossil fuel</a> subsidies saw a staggering increase from $531 billion to over $1 trillion between 2021 and 2022, incentivizing harmful emissions.<br></li>



<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-amplify-risks-for-socially-vulnerable-populations-in-western-states/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildfires</a> in Canada alone have already contributed more than 1 gigaton of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere in 2023, surpassing the nation&#8217;s total greenhouse gas emissions the previous year.<br></li>



<li>A concerning trend in global temperature rise, with 38 days already recorded where temperatures were more than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">1.5 degrees Celsius</a> above pre-industrial levels.<br></li>



<li>July experienced the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/july-was-earths-hottest-month-in-120000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">highest average</a> Earth surface temperature on record, likely the most extreme in the last 100,000 years.</li>
</ul>



<p>Wolf expressed deep concern, stating, &#8220;As scientists, the sudden escalation in the frequency and intensity of climate-related disasters is deeply unsettling.&#8221;</p>



<p>The study cautions that these disasters&#8217; frequency and intensity might even be accelerating faster than temperature rises. The paper forecasts a dire future, where 3 to 6 billion people will find themselves in uninhabitable conditions by the end of this century.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-vital-signs-need-transformative-policies">Earth&#8217;s vital signs need transformative policies</h2>



<p>The scientific community is advocating for policies that address &#8220;ecological overshoot,&#8221; a scenario where humanity&#8217;s demands exceed the Earth&#8217;s capacity, resulting in numerous environmental crises, including a decline in biodiversity.</p>



<p>They argue that solutions focusing solely on carbon or climate will fall short of repairing Earth&#8217;s vital signs unless the overarching pressures on global systems are alleviated. As Ripple puts it, the scientific community has a &#8220;moral duty&#8221; to guide humanity away from potential existential threats and lead action-driven dialogues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steering-towards-a-just-sustainable-future">Steering towards a just, sustainable future</h2>



<p>The paper calls for a comprehensive overhaul of global economic practices. The authors of the study urge a transition that foregrounds human well-being, curtails excessive consumption, and drastically reduces affluent populations&#8217; emissions.</p>



<p>Key policy recommendations to reverse the decline of Earth&#8217;s vital signs include:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Eliminating fossil fuel subsidies.<br></li>



<li>Encouraging shifts towards plant-based diets.<br></li>



<li>Amplifying efforts to protect global forest areas.<br></li>



<li>Establishing international treaties focused on eliminating coal and preventing new fossil fuel exploration.</li>
</ul>



<p>The authors underscore the necessity for equity and social justice in all climate-related decisions. They clearly recognize the disproportionate impact of climate calamities on the world&#8217;s most impoverished populations, who have the smallest carbon footprints.</p>



<p>In a world where climate-related disasters are becoming the norm rather than the exception, this clarion call from the scientific community is more urgent than ever. It implores global leaders, decision-makers, and individuals alike to embark on a more sustainable path, with the understanding that the very future of life on Earth hinges on the actions humanity takes now.</p>



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Life under siege: Earth’s vital signs reach an all-time low

<p>A burst of lightning near the geographic North Pole is stirring anxious questions about our changing climate. It showed up on August of, 2019, when atmospheric conditions lined up in a way few that had ever imagined.</p>



<p>Researchers discovered 342 lightning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-meltdown-is-accelerating-global-warming-already-changing-earth-in-unimaginable-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">events</a>, with 122 being in a single thunderstorm that traveled over the ice and came within about 27 miles (43 kilometers) of the North Pole.</p>



<p>Jianqiu Zheng and colleagues from the <a href="https://en.ustc.edu.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Science and Technology of China</a> analyzed the event and found it was tied to an unusual surge of warm air.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-heat-now-fuels-rare-storms">Arctic heat now fuels rare storms</h2>



<p>Temperatures in the far north have been <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climbing</a> faster than the global average. This shift opens the door for moisture to move into places where it once rarely ventured.</p>



<p>Warm air masses from lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drastic-warming-will-transform-the-arctic-beyond-recognition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">latitudes</a> can now slip into polar regions and create the unstable backdrop for storms. Ice sheets still dominate much of the area, but the air above them is no longer as consistently frigid.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-formed-high-above-north-pole">Lightning formed high above North Pole </h2>



<p>Scientists noted a thundercloud that formed about 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) above the surface of the ice. That formation defied the usual pattern, where storms typically begin closer to ground level.</p>



<p>“This thunderstorm was unlike anything we typically see in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-may-fuel-the-spread-of-diseases-by-unleashing-frozen-viruses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a>,” said Zheng. It developed when a patch of warm, moist air was forced upward by a cooler layer that hugged the ice.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warm-and-cold-air-collided">Warm and cold air collided</h2>



<p>The team attributed this odd weather to a <a href="https://www.weather.gov/lmk/basic-fronts" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frontal system</a> that lifted balmy, humid air over a wedge of cold air at the surface. That collision helped launch storm clouds into a zone where lightning is more likely to spark.</p>



<p>The experts relied on ERA5 reanalysis <a href="https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/dataset/ecmwf-reanalysis-v5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data</a> (archived meteorological observations) to piece together how air parcels moved and converged at the time. </p>



<p>This data offered clues on how two conflicting air masses produced an elevated thundercloud in a zone known for extreme cold.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-lightning-near-the-north-pole">Tracking lightning near the North Pole</h2>



<p>The storm’s path was logged by the World Wide Lightning Location Network (<a href="https://wwlln.net/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WWLLN</a>), a global sensor system that monitors lightning strikes using radio waves. </p>



<p>This network recorded the closest-known lightning strike to the North Pole, just 27 miles (43 kilometers) away, which helps confirm just how far these unusual storms can reach.</p>



<p>Without systems like WWLLN, events like this could go unnoticed in remote parts of the planet. The ability to track such rare <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-industrialization-how-will-it-impact-delicate-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phenomena</a> offers scientists a clearer picture of atmospheric behavior in a rapidly warming Arctic.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-impact-on-future-forecasts">Potential impact on future forecasts</h2>



<p>“As temperatures rise, we may see more thunderstorms in areas where they were once extremely rare,” said Baohua Ren<strong>, </strong>a corresponding author of the study who hinted at the ripple effects of higher temperatures..</p>



<p>Shifts in polar climate may force meteorologists to adjust forecasting models. Storm frequency, lightning counts, and general weather patterns could all see new variations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-what-s-ahead">Predicting what's ahead</h2>



<p>Changes in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-arctic-may-be-ice-free-sooner-than-we-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> often extend beyond regional boundaries. Variations in sea ice coverage, wind patterns, and ocean currents can trickle down to mid-latitudes and transform familiar seasonal weather.</p>



<p>Some experts wonder whether more frequent lightning in high latitudes might disturb wildlife or disrupt shipping routes.</p>



<p>Elevated storm occurrence might also affect how the upper atmosphere behaves, though more research is needed before making firm predictions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-lightning-near-the-north-pole">Implications of lightning near the North Pole </h2>



<p>Lightning isn’t just a flash in the sky, it’s a sign of powerful atmospheric instability. For lightning to occur, there must be strong updrafts and separation of electrical charges within clouds, conditions that are rare in cold, dry regions like the Arctic.</p>



<p>When lightning appears near the North Pole, it signals a major shift in local energy balance. It means the atmosphere had enough moisture, warmth, and motion to support the buildup of charge, which is a clear sign that traditional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-arctic-warming-map-shows-alarming-changes-in-climate-hotspots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> norms are changing.</p>



<p>A single thunderstorm doesn’t rewrite climate science, but it emphasizes the importance of global temperature trends. <a href="https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/24/4451/2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Polar warming events</a> and unexpected weather can align to produce conditions once thought impossible in icy places. </p>



<p>Scientists see this development as an indication of how quickly the environment can shift. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-polar-events">Extreme polar events</h2>



<p>Researchers note that more observational campaigns will help explain how moist air triggers lightning near the North Pole. These efforts could improve our ability to understand and track extreme polar weather events.</p>



<p>Polar scientists also emphasize the potential influence on local communities. People who depend on stable ice for hunting or travel might face new hazards when warmer air creates thunderstorms and slushier terrain.</p>



<p>The study was published in <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00376-024-4141-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Advances in Atmospheric Sciences</em></a>.</p>



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Lightning near the North Pole signals major climate shifts

A burst of lightning near the geographic North Pole is...

<p>Many people wonder if a simple approach can bring lasting improvements to mental health. A new study on psychedelic compounds might spark a deeper conversation about how the brain recovers from stress-related conditions.</p>



<p>Researchers used mice to investigate how a single dose of a psychedelic compound can support cognitive flexibility. The lead investigator, Dr. Omar J. Ahmed from the <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/people/faculty/ojahmed.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a>, oversaw an experiment that tested how the animals responded to unexpected <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychedelics-sexuality-and-self-discovery-what-a-new-study-reveals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">changes</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-a-psychedelic-dose-rewires-the-brain">How a psychedelic dose rewires the brain</h2>



<p>Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize and form new connections. Psychedelic drugs have shown promise in boosting these adaptive changes in certain parts of the brain.</p>



<p>Research has already <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9671959/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hinted</a> at benefits for people with depression and anxiety. This new investigation goes a step further by looking at how long these benefits last.</p>



<p>Experts are exploring how <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1853/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">serotonin 2a receptor</a> activation might reshape the way we learn. This receptor is linked to mood regulation and perception, so it makes sense that tweaking it could alter how the brain adapts.</p>



<p>According to the investigators, only one dose was given to each mouse, with no additional treatments. Later, they ran tests that looked at how quickly the mice switched strategies under new conditions.</p>



<p>Some scientists say the prefrontal cortex is key to tasks that demand judgment and quick <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychedelic-ibogaine-can-now-be-produced-without-rare-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adaptation</a>. Strengthening its connections may explain why a single dose can produce effects that last far beyond the initial exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-psychedelic-dose-boosts-flexible-thinking">One psychedelic dose boosts flexible thinking</h2>



<p>“What makes this discovery particularly significant is the sustained duration of cognitive benefits following just one psychedelic dose,” explained Professor Omar Ahmed. The researchers saw a clear advantage in how the psychedelic group tackled changing rules.</p>



<p>Male and female mice both showed an uptick in mental adaptability. This broad effect indicates that the underlying mechanism could benefit a wide range of individuals.</p>



<p>“A key question is what happens with two, three, or even twenty doses taken over several months,” said Dr. Ahmed. Investigators are curious about how repeated doses might affect flexibility in the long run. </p>



<p>Such questions may guide the next phase of research. They might also help clarify whether more doses lead to better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increased-use-of-psilocybin-in-u-s-raises-health-concerns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outcomes</a> or if there is a tipping point.</p>



<p>Yet, not all psychedelics work the same way. Comparing substances with varying strengths and modes of action is essential to pinpoint which ones offer the most stable improvement in learning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-mental-health">Implications for mental health</h2>



<p>Many people who deal with mood disorders struggle to cope with shifting demands. A boost in flexible thinking could help them adapt more quickly to life’s uncertainties.</p>



<p>Therapies that strengthen neuroplasticity show promise for conditions such as depression and PTSD. Psychedelics might become another avenue to support these neural changes, though more data from human studies are needed.</p>



<p>Some <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6220878/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studies</a> suggest that psilocybin, a well-known psychedelic, has produced lasting improvements in mental well-being. Researchers note that this effect can persist for weeks, hinting at a mechanism that goes beyond a short-term shift in perspective.</p>



<p>“The most striking aspect of our findings is that these cognitive benefits were measured 15-20 days after a single psychedelic administration,” noted Elizabeth J. Brouns. Experts are also excited about the possibility of helping older adults or those with conditions tied to memory decline. </p>



<p>PTSD, in particular, involves disrupted patterns of recall that can get stuck in negative loops. Breaking these loops might involve a shift in how the brain processes threats and rewards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-brain-healing">Future research on brain healing</h2>



<p>Expanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/confirmed-magic-mushrooms-can-effectively-treat-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">knowledge</a> about psychedelics might reshape how clinicians approach mental health. Some professionals predict that well-monitored psychedelic therapy could complement existing treatments.</p>



<p>Scientists plan to test different compounds, doses, and schedules to see what works best. They also want to confirm if these changes in flexibility come from changes in the prefrontal cortex or from other parts of the brain.</p>



<p>Since studies point to stable neuroplasticity shifts after just one dose, the timeline for integrating these treatments may be shorter than previously thought. At the same time, caution is key because not everyone responds the same way to psychedelics.</p>



<p>Before new guidelines become mainstream, rigorous research is needed to cover safety and efficacy. Investigators remain optimistic that single-dose therapies could one day make a difference for a variety of people.</p>



<p>Legal frameworks around psychedelics are evolving in the United States. These changes might eventually open paths for more clinical trials that evaluate safety and practicality.</p>



<p>These findings offer a fresh perspective on how one-time interventions may guide the future of mental health care. More thorough testing in clinical settings will reveal which populations stand to benefit the most.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://genomicpress.kglmeridian.com/view/journals/psychedelics/aop/article-10.61373-pp025r.0002/article-10.61373-pp025r.0002.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Psychedelics</em></a>.</p>



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One psychedelic dose can improve brain functioning for extended periods of time

Many people wonder if a simple approach can bring lasting...

<p>Mind blanking - those moments when our thoughts disappear and we seem to experience a pause in consciousness - is a familiar, yet surprisingly misunderstood part of human experience. </p>



<p>Often described as “thinking of nothing” or “feeling drowsy,” this phenomenon is now being reevaluated by scientists who believe it deserves distinct recognition in neuroscience research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mystery-of-mind-blanking">The mystery of mind blanking </h2>



<p>In a recent opinion article, an international team of neuroscientists and philosophers compiled decades of findings on mind blanking, including recent discoveries from their own studies involving brain activity scans.</p>



<p>The collaboration began at the 25th Annual Meeting of the <a href="https://theassc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness</a> in Amsterdam in 2022, where researchers agreed that it was time to treat mind blanking not as a side effect of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mind wandering</a>, but as a separate mental state altogether.</p>



<p>“During wakefulness, our thoughts transition between different contents. However, there are moments that are seemingly devoid of reportable content, referred to as mind blanking,” the experts wrote. “It remains unclear what these blanks represent, highlighting the definitional and phenomenological ambiguities surrounding mind blanking.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-phenomenon">Exploring the phenomenon</h2>



<p>Traditionally, mind blanking has been explored through frameworks designed to study mind wandering - the spontaneous drift of thoughts we experience throughout the day. </p>



<p>However, the researchers argue that mind blanking is more than just another form of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-daydream-to-awareness-the-brains-alert-mechanism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">daydreaming</a>. It is often accompanied by sleepiness, sluggishness, or cognitive lapses, and deserves to be studied independently.</p>



<p>“We sought to better understand mind blanking by parsing through 80 relevant research articles - including some of our own in which we recorded participants' brain activity when they were reporting that they were 'thinking of nothing,’” explained senior author Athena Demertzi, a neuroscientist at the <a href="https://www.uliege.be/cms/c_8699436/en/uliege" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Liège</a> in Belgium.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-research-revealed"><a></a>What the research revealed</h2>



<p>The review offers several key insights. First, mind blanking occurs in everyone, although the frequency varies between individuals. On average, it occupies about 5% to 20% of our waking hours. </p>



<p>These episodes are often linked to lapses in attention, failures in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/memory-isnt-only-stored-in-our-brains-other-cells-can-remember-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory</a>, or a sudden halt in inner dialogue. They tend to appear more frequently during long attention-heavy tasks, after sleep deprivation, or intense physical exertion.</p>



<p>Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toddler-screen-time-linked-to-atypical-sensory-behaviors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ADHD</a>) report experiencing mind blanking more frequently than others. It is also listed as a symptom in the clinical description of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in the DSM-5, and appears in other neurological conditions such as strokes, seizures, traumatic brain injury, and Kleine-Levin syndrome.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-changes-in-brain-function">Distinct changes in brain function</h2>



<p>Studies using fMRI and EEG scans show that mind blanking is associated with distinct changes in brain function. </p>



<p>The phenomenon involves disruptions in the brain's frontal, temporal, and visual networks, reduced complexity in neural signals, and what scientists refer to as “local sleep episodes” - moments when parts of the brain temporarily fall into a sleep-like state even during wakefulness.</p>



<p>During experiments that involved sustained mental focus, participants showed signs of mind blanking through decreased heart rate, smaller pupil size, and patterns of slow brain waves. </p>



<p>Meanwhile, voluntary mind clearing (like in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meditation-can-rapidly-reduce-ptsd-without-revisiting-trauma/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meditation</a>) produced deactivation in areas like the inferior frontal gyrus, Broca’s area, the supplementary motor cortex, and the hippocampus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-framework-for-thoughtless-moments">A framework for thoughtless moments</h2>



<p>The research team proposes a novel framework to describe mind blanking as a collection of states influenced by physiological arousal - what they term “vigilance.” </p>



<p>Whether a person is in a low-arousal state (such as fatigue) or a high-arousal state (such as cognitive overload), mind blanking appears more likely to occur when the brain’s normal mechanisms for attention, memory, or speech fail to function.</p>



<p>“The experience of a 'blank mind' is as intimate and direct as that of bearing thoughts,” said co-author Jennifer Windt, a neuroscientist at <a href="https://www.monash.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monash University</a> in Australia.</p>



<p>“Our aim here is to start a conversation and see how mind blanking relates to other seemingly similar experiences, such as meditation,” added co-author Antoine Lutz from the <a href="https://www.crnl.fr/en/page-base/crnl-presentation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lyon Neuroscience Research Center</a> in France.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-brain-looking-to-the-future">The brain: Looking to the future</h2>



<p>Ultimately, the team hopes future research will treat mind blanking as a meaningful mental state, not merely an absence of cognition. They argue it holds crucial insights for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-brain-stops-paying-attention-to-repeated-distractions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">attention</a>, consciousness, and mental health.</p>



<p>“We believe that the investigation of mind blanking is insightful, important, and timely,” said lead author Thomas Andrillon of the University of Liège.</p>



<p>“Insightful because it challenges the common conception that wakefulness involves a constant stream of thoughts. Important because mind blanking highlights the interindividual differences in subjective experience. Collectively, we stress that ongoing experiences come in shades with varying degrees of awareness and richness of content."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/fulltext/S1364-6613(25)00034-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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When the brain goes silent: The complex reality of mind blanking

Mind blanking - those moments when our thoughts disappear and...

<p>Forests are one of Earth’s greatest natural defenses against climate change. They absorb carbon dioxide, regulate rainfall, and shelter a huge portion of the planet’s biodiversity. </p>



<p>Yet for all their importance, large parts of the world’s forests remain poorly understood and hard to monitor - even with the help of space technology - and they remain vulnerable to both natural and human-driven change.</p>



<p>Until recently, forest monitoring relied heavily on ground teams manually measuring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-forests-are-struggling-to-keep-pace-with-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>, mapping biodiversity, and estimating carbon stored in different ecosystems. These efforts, though essential, are slow, labor-intensive, and often constrained by difficult terrain or limited funding.</p>



<p>Now, a breakthrough is underway. The tools of modern space science are being directed toward Earth’s forests like never before. This marks the beginning of what scientists call the "forest space age" - a bold, global effort to transform our understanding of forests from above.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-forest-carbon-from-space">Tracking forest carbon from space</h2>



<p>On April 29, the European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>) will launch the Biomass mission. It will carry the first P-band radar into space, capable of seeing through dense forest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-day-2025-our-power-our-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">canopies</a>. This satellite is expected to revolutionize how we estimate forest structure and carbon storage.</p>



<p>P-band radar technology stands out because it can detect elements of forests that other sensors miss. It reaches past the leafy treetops and captures detailed information about trunks, stems, and branches — the key areas where trees hold carbon.</p>



<p>Biomass won’t be alone for long. Soon, the US–India <a href="https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NISAR mission</a> will join it. This satellite carries an L-band synthetic aperture radar that complements Biomass’s P-band data. </p>



<p>Together, these missions will offer a multi-layered picture of forests. Add to that NASA’s GEDI lidar aboard the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Space Station</a>, the Copernicus Sentinel-1’s C-band radar, and more missions in the pipeline, and the result is a powerful suite of tools monitoring forests from orbit.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-forests-with-satellites">Monitoring forests with satellites </h2>



<p>Never before have so many instruments been trained on Earth’s forests at once. These satellites are not just capturing snapshots. They provide consistent, global-scale monitoring over time, allowing scientists to detect patterns and trends in forest health, loss, and growth.</p>



<p>ESA’s Climate Change Initiative’s Biomass Project is already using this wealth of data to analyze long-term forest changes. </p>



<p>By integrating historical and current satellite data, the project delivers a clear view of how biomass has changed year after year. This time-series approach reveals shifts in forest dynamics and provides essential input for climate models.</p>



<p>When satellite data is used together with global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-undisturbed-forests-support-greater-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> projections, it enables better predictions of how forests will react to temperature shifts, droughts, or human pressures. The scale and depth of data now available were once unthinkable. Yet space technology alone cannot give us the full picture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-groundwork-still-matters">Why groundwork still matters</h2>



<p>Despite their reach and resolution, satellites can’t do everything. They can't directly measure biomass or recognize plant species from above. Tropical forests, for instance, are home to staggering biodiversity. This complexity makes it hard for remote sensors to categorize forest types or species without help.</p>



<p>“Even the most advanced satellite can’t tell a mahogany from a Brazil nut tree without help from the ground, and there are more than ten thousand tree species in the Amazon alone,” said Professor Oliver Phillips from the <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leeds</a>.</p>



<p>Ground-based science is still vital. Forest ecologists and botanists work in jungles, swamps, and mountain forests to collect the details satellites miss. They measure tree height, diameter, species type, and carbon density, all while navigating unpredictable and sometimes dangerous conditions. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forests-rely-on-space-technology">Forests rely on space technology</h2>



<p>To make sure that space-based data reflects reality, scientists compare it with direct measurements from the ground. This process, called ground validation, is particularly important in tropical forests where tree diversity is high and canopy structure varies widely.</p>



<p>For this reason, long-term on-the-ground studies continue to play a critical role. They ensure accuracy, identify regional patterns, and help calibrate satellite instruments. Forests change slowly and subtly over time. </p>



<p>Only with repeat measurements at tree level can we detect those shifts and check if the satellite data aligns with what is actually happening on the ground.</p>



<p>Ground validation is not just a technical necessity. It is also a scientific collaboration that stretches across borders and disciplines, bringing together ecologists, geographers, botanists, and remote sensing experts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-introducing-geo-trees">Introducing GEO-TREES</h2>



<p>To improve this collaboration and support local expertise, scientists launched a global project called <a href="https://geo-trees.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GEO-TREES</a>. It is an initiative designed to connect remote sensing specialists with field researchers and promote balanced partnerships around the world.</p>



<p>“The aim of GEO-TREES is to establish a sustainable funding mechanism to support ecologists and experts working in the forest to take the tree-by-tree measurements that are needed to validate satellite data products,<em>"</em> noted ESA’s <a href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Biomass" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biomass</a> Mission manager, Klaus Scipal.</p>



<p>“GEO-TREES will implement rigorous ground-validation protocols and push for major investments in the people behind the data – particularly in the Global South, where much of the world’s biodiversity resides.”</p>



<p>Through GEO-TREES, there is now an effort to formalize funding pathways for fieldwork. This helps ensure that forest scientists on the front lines have the resources, training, and recognition they need to carry out accurate and consistent data collection.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-space-missions-and-ground-observations">Space missions and ground observations </h2>



<p>Measuring trees, hiking through flooded forests, climbing into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-forests-rose-again-after-the-planets-most-extreme-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">canopies</a> - this is not easy work. Yet without these efforts, satellite missions would lack reliable reference points. The success of Earth observation depends on the dedication of those who live and work close to the forests.</p>



<p>“Satellites, such as our Biomass, offer a wealth of information to understand our changing world, but we must not forget those working tirelessly on the ground taking in situ measurements, often in difficult conditions, who allow us to have confidence in the data returned from space,” said Scipal.</p>



<p>That trust between space-based observation and field data is what gives global forest monitoring its strength. Both are needed, and both are now being more closely linked than ever before.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-phase-of-planetary-care">A new phase of planetary care</h2>



<p>“The dedicated teams working in the field to collect vital ground-truth data are important to the success of our missions,<em>"</em> added ESA’s Director of Earth Observation Programmes, Simonetta Cheli.</p>



<p>“Their contributions help ensure that our Earth Explorer missions deliver outstanding science - science that lies at the core of our <a href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FutureEO programme</a>.”</p>



<p>As Earth faces increasing environmental pressures, forests will continue to play a critical role in regulating our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-are-still-fighting-climate-change-against-all-odds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> and sustaining life. By combining the power of satellite technology with the knowledge and hard work of people on the ground, we are entering a new phase of planetary care.</p>



<p>The "forest space age" is more than a technological achievement. It is a worldwide collaboration between the skies and the soil, with the goal of understanding and protecting the forests we all depend on.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Forest space age: Satellites can track canopies and carbon storage

Forests are one of Earth’s greatest natural defenses against climate...

<p>Many people hope to find something that helps them feel stronger and more energetic as they get older. Researchers have explored different paths and trials, with a special focus on nutrients that might protect our bodies from the strains of aging.</p>



<p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=XXKmfjUAAAAJ&amp;hl=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Harshani Nadeeshani</a> from the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, and her colleagues have analyzed <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d42473-022-00002-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>nicotinamide mononucleotide</em></a> (NMN) as a potential candidate. </p>



<p>Their efforts have sparked plenty of discussion about whether this compound can help ward off common age-related concerns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nmn-at-a-glance">NMN at a glance</h2>



<p>NMN is a molecule related to vitamin B3. It plays a part in maintaining healthy cellular energy levels by boosting <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide</em></a> (NAD+) in our cells.</p>



<p>Some researchers propose that higher NAD+ levels could support the way cells handle stress. This idea has driven projects that test NMN in both animals and humans to see if it can reduce common problems <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-anti-aging-drug-interleukin-11-boosts-lifespan-prevents-cancer-gray-hair/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">linked to aging</a>, such as sluggish metabolism and low energy.</p>



<p>Enthusiasm around NMN stems from studies on animals. Early experiments suggest that adding NMN to a balanced diet may affect the body’s metabolic functions in ways that look positive.</p>



<p>A small human trial noted that NMN might help with insulin sensitivity in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe9985" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>prediabetic</em></a> individuals. That finding caught the attention of people who watch their blood sugar or manage early metabolic issues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-people-and-nmn-what-we-know">People and NMN: What we know</h2>



<p>Scientists have tried to figure out if NMN can support healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-every-day-proven-studies-to-delay-biological-aging-in-humans/">aging</a> by stabilizing cellular energy processes. </p>



<p>One group reported that when they gave healthy adults a single dose of NMN, they observed no negative reactions. This gave them a reason to test higher amounts over a longer span in follow-up work.</p>



<p>Another project looked at how NMN might help muscle cells. Some findings signaled that normal energy production may be supported, but experts still emphasize that these results do not confirm lasting benefits in humans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-nmn-behaves-in-people">How NMN behaves in people</h2>



<p>Researchers continue to wonder how NMN behaves if it is taken every day for months or even years. Extended use could bring about different outcomes than short trials, and those effects remain unclear.</p>



<p>There is also a discussion about whether NMN might lose its effectiveness in people whose lifestyle includes a high-fat diet. </p>



<p>Since many factors can affect how the body processes supplements, more trials are needed to see who could benefit most from NMN.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safety-and-concerns">Safety and concerns</h2>



<p>No major safety issues have emerged from small pilot <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10721522/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studies</a>, but the number of participants was limited. Some nutrition experts suggest starting with modest amounts under a health professional’s guidance.</p>



<p>Concerns linger about how an abundance of NAD+ may affect cells linked to inflammation or unwanted growth. Several lab findings argue that normal pathways can keep things balanced, but extra data from larger studies is essential.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-impact">Long-term impact</h2>



<p>A handful of ongoing trials aim to measure how NMN influences markers of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-reverse-aging-a-bold-new-approach-could-reprogram-cells/">aging</a> across different ages and lifestyles. Some focus on metabolic factors, while others look at endurance or cognitive performance.</p>



<p>If these investigations show consistent benefits, manufacturers could face requests to set specific guidelines on dosage. </p>



<p>Right now, people often depend on whatever label instructions appear on supplement bottles, which is not always backed by large-scale proof.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-considerations">Practical considerations</h2>



<p>People who already follow a healthy diet, regular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-term-exercise-can-make-belly-fat-healthy/">exercise routine</a>, and proper medical care should know that NMN is not a replacement. It may act as a complementary approach that supports the body’s existing processes.</p>



<p>Cost remains a sticking point. High-purity NMN supplements can be expensive, and quality can vary. Consumers must be watchful of unregulated products that make strong claims without published research to back them up.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-the-scientific-community-trials">Role of the scientific community: Trials</h2>



<p>Authorities in nutrition science are looking at how to define standard doses. They also plan to track potential side effects in people who combine NMN with other health regimens.</p>



<p>Third-party labs have started analyzing product purity. This step is critical in ensuring that over-the-counter supplements contain what their labels promise.</p>



<p>Studies on NMN remind us that science seldom provides simple answers. Different lifestyles, genetic backgrounds, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/outdoor-exercise-amplifies-physical-and-mental-health-benefits/">health</a> conditions can affect how well a supplement works for any individual.</p>



<p>Experts note that the best data come from randomized controlled trials with a sizable group of volunteers. They also stress that safety profiles need repeated confirmation over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hope-and-caution">Hope and caution</h2>



<p>NMN’s buzz shows a growing interest in preserving wellness well <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-every-day-proven-studies-to-delay-biological-aging-in-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">into our later years</a>. This push for solutions is a good sign, as it encourages deeper research into how our cells age.</p>



<p>Still, caution is advised. People should consider discussing any new supplement with a trusted healthcare provider, especially if they have specific medical concerns or take other medications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-knowledge-with-reality">Balancing knowledge with reality</h2>



<p>Some see NMN as an easy fix for people with age-related issues, but experts warn that a single compound cannot cancel out all wear and tear on the body. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifespan-is-influenced-more-by-lifestyle-than-genetics/">Lifestyle</a> factors like diet, fitness, and stress reduction often play a more central role in long-term health.</p>



<p>At the same time, properly designed trials in humans could reveal clearer benefits or downsides. This highlights the need for well-supported research to guide those who buy these products.</p>



<p>NMN studies are evolving quickly. While some investigators see a path toward broader application, others demand greater proof of safety and effectiveness.</p>



<p>Consumers should stay aware that this compound is not regulated like a standard medication. Many questions remain about how best to use NMN, but there is hope that ongoing research will clarify key points.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123221001491" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Advanced Research</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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A scientific review analyzes the potential and limitations of NMN for slowing down aging

Many people hope to find something that helps them feel...

<p>A shiny metal object peeking out from a chunk of clay has sparked a stir among history enthusiasts. The artifact, believed to be around 2,500 years old, was <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/homo-juluensis-new-human-species-vanished-just-fifty-thousand-years-ago/">discovered</a> by two metal detector explorers braving unpredictable weather near Poland’s Baltic Sea.</p>



<p>The find drew the attention of archaeologist and director, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/grzegorzkurka/?originalSubdomain=pl" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mr. Grzegorz Kurka</a> from the Kamien Region Historical Museum. </p>



<p>Experts hope to glean valuable information about early Iron Age practices once they complete a thorough analysis of this prized object.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-dagger-emerges-from-baltic-cliff-ruins">Ancient dagger emerges from Baltic cliff ruins</h2>



<p>One of the explorers, identified as a local resident, explained that the discovery occurred while testing a metal detector on a beach battered by powerful winds. </p>



<p>The clay block had separated from a crumbling cliff and landed on the sand, creating a perfect hiding spot for the newly unearthed object.</p>



<p>The dagger measures approximately nine and a half inches in length. Its delicate handle tapers into a sharp blade adorned with tiny crescent shapes and star-like motifs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hallstatt-culture-artifact-sparks-expert-excitement">Hallstatt culture artifact sparks expert excitement</h2>



<p>Experts suggest the dagger might be tied to the <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14457/map-of-the-the-hallstatt-culture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hallstatt culture</a>, which flourished in parts of Europe between the eighth and fifth centuries B.C.. This group is associated with complex social structures and a high level of metalwork skill.</p>



<p>Analysts believe the ornamentation could have held religious or ceremonial meaning. Decorative elements resembling constellations hint at possible connections to solar worship or symbolic representations.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-artist-s-touch">An artist’s touch</h2>



<p>Early examination indicates a metallurgical composition that combined copper and tin in carefully measured proportions. Specialists will be looking at the dagger’s design, seeking proof of where and how it was made.</p>



<p>“This is my most precious discovery,” said Jacek Ukowski, who found the item. He has been credited with earlier high-profile finds, but he refers to this dagger as especially rewarding.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-museum-involvement">Museum involvement</h2>



<p>“I have not seen such a dagger in my experience with findings in Polish territories,” said Mr. Kurka. He believes the detailed embellishments reflect the impressive artistry and craftsmanship of that period.</p>



<p>Researchers plan to conduct a thorough metallurgical examination soon. Their goal is to analyze the item for any distinct markings that might explain its past usage and significance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cliffside-surprise">Cliffside surprise</h2>



<p>The coastline of <a href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/pomerania-region-people-map.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pomerania</a> has historically offered clues about trade routes and cultural interactions. Shifts in the shoreline occasionally reveal objects that shed light on how societies once flourished in this region.</p>



<p>In the coming months, specialists will examine any signs of wear on the dagger’s surface. They hope to learn if this piece was a practical tool, a ceremonial symbol, or both.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-storms-in-archaeological-finds">The role of storms in archaeological finds</h2>



<p>Sudden <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-timing-is-drastically-changing-due-to-extreme-weather/">changes in weather</a>, especially heavy rain or coastal storms, often lead to unexpected archaeological discoveries. As waves and wind eat away at cliffs and shores, hidden objects buried for centuries can suddenly appear at the surface.</p>



<p>In recent years, similar storms have revealed shipwrecks, ancient coins, and even burial sites along the Baltic coast. These natural events act like accidental excavations, offering researchers new chances to examine long-lost artifacts before they’re damaged or swept away.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-its-purpose">Tracing its purpose</h2>



<p>Some <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-world-prehistory/introduction/EAFC0C02EC6E4B329A1AE533D715CAD9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scholars</a> think it was a warrior’s blade. Others argue it may have been a status symbol featured during rituals or community gatherings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Either interpretation highlights the value of such a discovery. Details like angled lines and star-like etchings could reveal how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/iron-age-societies-were-more-progressive-than-most-women-central-role/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Iron Age societies</a> blended art with function.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-chapter-in-local-heritage">A new chapter in local heritage</h2>



<p>Excitement is running high in the nearby community. Locals take pride in preserving ancient materials that paint a vibrant portrait of cultural ancestry.</p>



<p>Artifacts like this dagger not only inspire current generations. They also preserve tangible memories of long-forgotten eras that shaped the identity of this coastline.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-find-highlights-baltic-archaeological-legacy">Rare find highlights Baltic archaeological legacy</h2>



<p>Once the analyses are finished, specialists will decide where the dagger will be displayed. Studies will likely include advanced scanning for micro-scratches, which can indicate combat use or repeated sharpening.</p>



<p>The local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-spread-of-butterfly-disease-revealed-in-museum-collections/">museum</a> aims to keep the public updated about fresh insights regarding the object’s unique design. The region has seen significant discoveries in recent years, yet officials believe this dagger stands out for its artistic flair.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polish-cliff-erosion-exposes-hidden-hallstatt-relic">Polish cliff erosion exposes hidden Hallstatt relic</h2>



<p>Communities throughout Poland remain on alert for eroding cliff areas that might unearth additional ancient items. Officials remind enthusiasts to follow legal protocols and report any new artifacts right away.</p>



<p>Curators appreciate the swift actions taken after the dagger emerged. The find has already inspired both professional and amateur enthusiasts to keep exploring, mindful of the past that still surrounds them.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Metal detectors find a 2,500-year-old dagger that opens a new window on history

A shiny metal object peeking out from a chunk of...

<p>A new study has revealed that our brains can remember cold - not just the feeling, but the physical response to it. These memories help our bodies prepare for future chilly moments by adjusting how we produce heat.</p>



<p>This discovery is part of new research from scientists at <a href="https://www.tcd.ie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trinity College Dublin</a>, who teamed up with collaborators at Princeton University.</p>



<p>The experts found that memories of cold experiences are stored in the brain and later used to increase metabolism. That’s how our bodies generate heat and keep us comfortable when we expect the temperature to drop.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-brain-stores-cold">How the brain stores cold</h2>



<p>Memory is more than just thoughts or pictures from the past. The study builds on the idea of "engrams"- networks of brain cells that store specific memories. Recent neuroscience has shown that some engrams store physical sensations like pain, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hunger-hormones-in-the-gut-can-change-our-eating-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hunger</a>, and inflammation.</p>



<p>This study tested whether similar memories exist for temperature. Specifically, the researchers wanted to know: Can the brain store a memory of being cold? And if so, does it use that memory to help regulate body heat later?</p>



<p>To find out, the team ran a clever experiment using mice. The mice were placed in an environment at 4°C (about 39°F) and shown unique visual cues. </p>



<p>After a few sessions, those same cues were shown again - this time at room temperature. Even though the environment was now warm, the mice began to increase their metabolism, acting as if they expected the cold to return.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cold-memory-boosts-heat">Cold memory boosts heat</h2>



<p>This reaction is known as predictive thermogenesis. It’s how the body gets ready in advance to face the cold. The researchers found that the mice weren’t just reacting instinctively - they were remembering.</p>



<p>“We discovered that when mice are exposed to a cold temperature, they form memories that allow them to upregulate their body's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-metabolism-has-evolved-to-become-energetically-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a> when they anticipate cold experiences in the future,” said Dr. Andrea Muñoz Zamora, the lead author of the study.</p>



<p>The team then used genetic tools to find out where in the brain these cold memories were stored. They located the cold-memory engram cells in the hippocampus, a region long known for its role in memory.</p>



<p>When they activated these cold-memory cells using optogenetics, the mice’s metabolism increased, producing more heat. When the same cells were turned off, the mice no longer reacted to the cold cues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-fat-and-body-heat">Brain, fat, and body heat</h2>



<p>What happens next is just as interesting. The body’s brown fat, which helps generate heat, seemed to play a big role in this memory-based response.</p>



<p>“A large part of this learned control of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/depression-may-be-linked-to-higher-body-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">body temperature</a> seems to be due to increased activity of brown adipose tissue – or brown fat – which can be controlled by innervations originating in the brain,” explained Professor Lydia Lynch, a co-author on the study. </p>



<p>“Our brain must learn from the bodily experiences of cold, but then feeds back to control how our fat cells respond to cold.”</p>



<p>This feedback loop between brain and body shows how tightly connected memory and metabolism are. It also suggests new ways to think about treatments for diseases where metabolism goes out of balance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healing-starts-in-the-brain">Healing starts in the brain</h2>



<p>This kind of memory-based thermoregulation could have wide-reaching effects. Obesity, cancer, and other metabolic disorders all involve problems with how the body generates or uses <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fueling-the-mind-new-map-reveals-where-the-brain-gets-its-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy</a>. </p>



<p>By tapping into the brain’s memory of cold, it might be possible to train the body to respond differently.</p>



<p>“Numerous clinical disorders, ranging from obesity to forms of cancer, may be treated by manipulating thermoregulation through brown adipose tissue,” said Dr. Aaron Douglas, a joint lead author. </p>



<p>“In the future, it will be important to test whether the manipulation of cold memories in humans could provide novel avenues for altering metabolism for therapeutic purposes.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mind-memory-and-emotion">Mind, memory, and emotion</h2>



<p>Beyond physical health, this research hints at how basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-causes-similar-emotional-experiences-and-sensations-in-all-cultures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensations</a> shape our emotional and social lives. If the brain stores memories of bodily states like cold, they could influence how we make decisions or interact with others.</p>



<p>“The sophisticated aspects of our minds evolved from more basic, visceral, bodily representations,” said Professor Tomás Ryan, who also worked on the study. “Understanding how these components of our brain affect our behavior in general is crucial to understanding our emotions and our use of memory.”</p>



<p>“This integrative piece of work offers a quintessential example of interdisciplinary science. Neuroscience requires collaboration and it was the synergy with Prof. Lynch that allowed the unusual combination of memory engram work with metabolism research.”</p>



<p>The findings suggest that even a simple experience like feeling cold leaves a lasting mark on the brain. </p>



<p>And in doing so, it changes how the body prepares for the future. It's a reminder that memory isn’t just about the past - it’s also how we adapt to what lies ahead.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08902-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Our brain stores a memory of cold that helps us generate heat

A new study has revealed that our brains can remember...

<p>Neuroscientists have long puzzled over conscious perception and how our brains sift through an endless flow of sights, sounds, and experiences. It has been suggested that a small region in our brain decides which details rise to our awareness while the rest fade into the background.</p>



<p>This possibility has gained traction thanks to a fresh investigation into the <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22652-thalamus">thalamus</a>. It appears to do more than pass along sensory signals, hinting that it actively shapes what we notice in everyday life. </p>



<p>The research was led by Dr. Fang Zepeng from the American Association for the Advancement of Science (<a href="https://www.aaas.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AAAS</a>) and colleagues. The team used direct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rethinking-vision-the-brain-sees-what-it-wants-to-see/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> recordings to peer into a secretive area deep within the skull.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-brain-regions-control-consciousness">Tiny brain regions control consciousness </h2>



<p>The scientists used a set of intracranial electrodes to study five individuals receiving treatment for persistent headaches.</p>



<p>This allowed them to monitor signals from different corners of the thalamus and the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499919/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prefrontal cortex</a>, which is where many high-level decisions happen.</p>



<p>Each participant performed a visual task that separated what they reported seeing from their automatic eye movements. The team focused on patterns tied purely to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-human-brain-create-retrieve-memories-engram-cells-connections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">awareness</a> rather than simple reflexes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-signals-reveal-moments-of-consciousness">Brain signals reveal moments of consciousness</h2>



<p>“Using direct, intracranial brain recordings in humans, a new study finds that the thalamus, a small region located deep within the brain, plays a pivotal role in conscious perception,” stated the authors. </p>



<p>The researchers found that specific high-order sections of the thalamus may take on a steering role in conscious experience. </p>



<p>Those high-order <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67770-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">areas</a> included the intralaminar and medial thalamic nuclei, which showed particularly strong signals. Synchronized activity between the thalamus and the prefrontal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-genes-to-genius-what-makes-the-human-brain-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cortex</a> lit up exactly when people reported noticing the images.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-loop-that-creates-awareness">A loop that creates awareness</h2>



<p>The study revealed that these thalamic zones and the prefrontal cortex function in a loop, which some experts call <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-32304-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subcortical-cortical interaction</a>. This supports earlier ideas that deeper brain regions link with higher ones to help shape our awareness.</p>



<p>According to the researchers, the intralaminar and medial thalamic nuclei exhibited earlier and stronger consciousness-related neural activity, which hints that these nuclei may act as a gateway to conscious detection.</p>



<p>The experts also observed earlier activity in these high-order nuclei than in other parts of the thalamus. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-hubs-fine-tune-what-we-experience">Brain hubs fine-tune what we experience</h2>



<p>Consciousness has often been framed as the product of cortical networks that juggle perception and attention. Yet discussions about deeper <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-brain-pathways-identified-as-being-unique-to-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">structures</a> sometimes stalled because of limited ways to gather data from them.</p>



<p>This study adds weight to the view that subcortical hubs can do more than keep us awake or asleep. They may also tweak the specific content we end up seeing and thinking about.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-regions-involved-in-consciousness">Brain regions involved in consciousness </h2>



<p>For years, many theories about consciousness focused almost entirely on the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537247/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cerebral cortex</a>. That’s the outer layer of the brain often tied to language, memory, and decision-making. It was thought to be the main hub where awareness took shape.</p>



<p>But these new findings challenge that view. By showing that deep <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549908/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thalamic nuclei</a> not only spark earlier activity but also guide it forward, the research shifts attention to brain regions that were once thought to play only background roles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-areas-work-together">Brain areas work together </h2>



<p>Some see this thalamus-prefrontal dance as a sign that awareness is not confined to our outer brain layers. Instead, awareness could be shaped by a dialogue across many regions that share information at high speed.</p>



<p>Researchers have often compared consciousness to a spotlight, but it now seems the switch for that light sits in these deeper zones. </p>



<p>By illuminating the role of these nuclei, experts gain valuable insight into how signals might get boosted or blocked as we form conscious thoughts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consciousness-development-in-the-brain">Consciousness development in the brain</h2>



<p>This study gives neuroscientists new tools to rethink old theories. The findings suggest that the origin point for conscious perception may lie deeper in the brain than previously believed, changing how we define the starting line for awareness.</p>



<p>The research also demonstrates the value of studying patients with implanted electrodes, a rare but powerful opportunity. Direct recordings like these offer the clearest look yet at how different brain regions communicate in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treating-brain-and-awareness-disorders">Treating brain and awareness disorders</h2>



<p>Some believe that a better understanding of consciousness will improve treatments for certain neuropsychiatric conditions. Targeting thalamic circuits may one day lead to novel therapies for issues tied to awareness or attention lapses.</p>



<p>Others point out that this research opens new windows on how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-brain-literally-changes-based-on-daily-activities-and-lifestyle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> organizes itself. Gaining that perspective could eventually benefit both healthy individuals and those with neurological disorders.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr3675" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Scientists identify the brain region responsible for consciousness

Neuroscientists have long puzzled over conscious perception and how our...

<p>Alzheimer’s disease is usually associated with changes in thinking and behavior patterns that can be challenging. Many families have experienced how the confusion and memory gas grow more severe in a loved one as this condition progresses.</p>



<p>A recent study suggests that improving sleep quality with certain medications might help reduce the accumulation of proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease. </p>



<p><a href="https://physicians.wustl.edu/people/brendan-p-lucey-md/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Brenden P. Lucey</a>, from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, has been leading efforts to understand how certain medications might affect the proteins linked to this illness.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beta-amyloid-s-impact-on-brain-function">Beta-amyloid's impact on brain function</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stopping-alzheimers-before-it-starts-early-treatment-shows-potential/">Alzheimer’s</a> belongs to a broader category of conditions called dementias. It involves a steady decline in everyday brain functions, which affects recall, language skills, and social interactions.</p>



<p>Experts have connected these changes to the accumulation of <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459119/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beta-amyloid</a>, a protein known for forming sticky clumps in the brain. Over time, these clumps interfere with neuron communication and appear to set the stage for more widespread damage.</p>



<p>The disease often develops over many years. It is a growing concern as people live longer, with nearly one-third of individuals over 85 currently showing signs of this disorder.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tau-protein-changes-and-dementia-progression">Tau protein changes and dementia progression</h2>



<p>There is a second major protein called <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/microtubule-associated-protein" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tau</a> that also plays a role in Alzheimer’s disease. When tau undergoes phosphorylation, its chemical structure changes in ways that might speed up harmful processes in the brain.</p>



<p>Recent research has shown that removing or reducing these altered proteins may be useful for slowing disease progression. Studies continue to investigate how different treatments affect both amyloid buildup and tau changes.</p>



<p>Scientists have discovered that certain drugs that were originally created to treat other conditions could also influence these Alzheimer’s-related proteins. This has sparked interest in finding existing prescriptions that can be tested for possible benefits in people at risk.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-suvorexant-offers-new-hope-for-memory-loss">Suvorexant offers new hope for memory loss</h2>



<p>Suvorexant helps people with insomnia by blocking the action of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/orexin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orexin</a>, a chemical that is linked to wakefulness and alertness. It has been on the market for some time, but its impact on Alzheimer’s-related proteins has only recently come into focus.</p>



<p>“Suvorexant is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat insomnia,” noted Dr. Lucey. This medication reduces the activity of wake-promoting signals in the brain, and can thus lead to more restful nights.</p>



<p>Studies suggest this insomnia-treating sleeping pill can also reduce the levels of proteins connected to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-disease-attacks-the-brain-in-two-separate-phases/">Alzheimer’s</a> in the central nervous system. These findings have sparked further research on how long-term use could translate into potential benefits for people who are worried about memory issues.<br><br>By potentially enhancing the quality of deep sleep, suvorexant and similar medications might support the brain's natural cleansing processes, offering a novel approach to mitigating Alzheimer's risk.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orexin-blockers-tackle-harmful-sleep-interruptions">Orexin blockers tackle harmful sleep interruptions</h2>



<p>A healthy night’s rest is thought to give brain cells time to recover from the day’s activities. When this downtime is interrupted, the body may struggle to clear certain harmful compounds.</p>



<p>Researchers believe that poor sleep can lead to a buildup of amyloid plaques in parts of the cortex that are responsible for complex thinking and decision-making. By blocking orexin’s action, suvorexant may help with deeper rest, potentially limiting the unwanted accumulation of sticky substances that harm the brain over time.</p>



<p>Adequate rest could also help maintain better control of tau proteins, which is crucial for stabilizing the internal structure of neurons. Keeping these proteins from becoming misshapen might slow the process that leads to worse cognitive problems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-rest-may-reduce-protein-accumulation">Deep rest may reduce protein accumulation</h2>



<p>Experts remain cautious because <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-blood-test-can-track-the-progression-of-alzheimers/">Alzheimer’s</a> is influenced by a wide mix of genetic and environmental factors. Some people may experience faster changes in the brain, while others show a slower progression.</p>



<p>The fact that suvorexant appears to affect proteins in a short timeframe is promising. Still, researchers stress the need for more tests in larger groups and over longer periods to see whether this approach can truly help with prevention or delay.</p>



<p>Long-term safety is another consideration, since any therapy for Alzheimer’s must be safe enough for older adults or those with health conditions. Doctors are watching how well the body tolerates suvorexant over extended use, especially in people who may already rely on other medications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-highlights-sleep-s-role-in-brain-health">Research highlights sleep's role in brain health</h2>



<p>Some emerging therapies for Alzheimer’s center on lowering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-a-brain-disease/">beta-amyloid</a>, improving neuron connections, or even supporting the immune system to remove harmful substances. Suvorexant adds a unique angle by focusing on the sleep-wake cycle.</p>



<p>Investigators want to see if a consistently better night’s sleep might slow the progression of memory problems. That possibility has opened doors for exploring existing prescriptions that target different biological pathways.</p>



<p>There is no single treatment that works for everyone. Researchers want to figure out whether suvorexant or similar drugs should be part of a broader care plan that includes balanced nutrition, social support, and medical follow-ups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-safety-and-ongoing-research-efforts">Long-term safety and ongoing research efforts</h2>



<p>Even though Alzheimer’s can strain families and communities, progress is being made. </p>



<p>Clinical trials keep revealing how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleeping-smarter-just-15-extra-minutes-can-boost-adolescent-brains/">sleep</a> and protein buildup connect, which might ultimately lead to improved strategies for slowing memory loss. Suvorexant’s success in short-term studies offers a different perspective on preventing damage tied to these proteins. </p>



<p>Experts plan to investigate whether day-to-day use over months or years will hold significant benefits for staving off the progression of cognitive decline and maintaining the quality of life of older people for as long as possible.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ana.26641" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Annals of Neurology</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

This sleeping pill reduces the accumulation of proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer’s disease is usually associated with changes in thinking and...

<p>Pups of the greater sac-winged bat have been recorded spending a significant part of their day making a curious chatter. This chatter, known as babbling, lasts around seven minutes on average, with some sessions reaching an impressive 43 minutes.</p>



<p>Researchers studied 19 pup-mother pairs in roosts across Panama and Costa Rica. According to Dr. Ahana A. Fernandez from the <a href="https://stri.si.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute</a>, the project focused on how maternal behavior influences this vocal practice in young bats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bat-pup-babbling-and-infant-speech">Bat pup babbling and infant speech</h2>



<p>These tiny creatures produce many different syllable types during their babbling phase. Some of these sounds match up with calls that adults use for territorial defense and group identification.</p>



<p>Scientists use the term <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222518205_Nonmutual_vocal_mother-pup_recognition_in_the_greater_sac-winged_bat" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vocal ontogeny</a> to describe how bat pups develop the full range of sounds that adults make. Babbling by greater sac-winged bats features repetitive and varied sequences that resemble early infant speech in humans.</p>



<p>Male bats sing loud territorial songs at dawn and dusk. Pup babbling, though, seems mostly linked to interactions with their mothers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maternal-influence-on-bat-babbling">Maternal influence on bat babbling</h2>



<p>Researchers filmed and recorded each babbling session. They noticed that some mothers stayed quiet, while others hovered, crawled, or moved closer to their pups during these long bouts of chatter.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/disappearance-of-bats-linked-to-a-rise-in-infant-deaths/">Bat</a> pups with more interactive mothers kept babbling longer. Those pups also showed a bigger variety of the learned song syllables in their practice.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the number of singing males in a roost did not matter for pup babbling length. Instead, the mother’s activity seemed to drive how long and how richly the pup practiced its sounds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-feedback-shapes-learning">How feedback shapes learning</h2>



<p>“Social interactions can have a direct effect on how baby talk develops,” concluded a <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1332441100" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> by Michael Goldstein and colleagues. In human babies, certain social responses can speed up the shift from simple babble to more mature sounds.</p>



<p>Bats may follow a similar pattern. Mothers often respond to babbling pups with touches, movements, or by allowing nursing right after a session.</p>



<p>Scientists suggest that these gestures reinforce the pup’s interest in babbling. The pups might then refine their vocal control more quickly through this extra practice.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-babbling-beyond-male-tutors">Babbling beyond male tutors</h2>



<p>Adult males offer a steady supply of acoustic input through their songs. Yet the presence of multiple singers in a colony does not appear to increase a pup’s babbling time.</p>



<p>Mothers, on the other hand, engage in direct interactions. The physical movements and close attention may push the pup to keep going, stacking more practice into each day.</p>



<p>This result differs from research in songbirds, where direct tutor interaction is often critical for learning. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hoary-bat-flying-over-open-ocean-first-ever-sighting/">Bat</a> pups instead appear to depend heavily on their mothers for motivation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-female-pups-babble-too">Why do female pups babble too?</h2>



<p>Male bats use these songs later to mark territory. Females normally leave their birth colony once they are grown and do not sing these territorial tunes as adults.</p>



<p>Scientists were surprised to see no difference between male and female pups during babbling sessions. Both sexes copy adult song syllables, show similar levels of practice, and respond to their mothers in a similar way.</p>



<p>One idea is that female pups benefit from early song practice to identify local song dialects in new colonies. This extra experience might help them recognize males from their home group or pick suitable mates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mother-s-moves-and-vocal-maturity">Mother’s moves and vocal maturity</h2>



<p>Researchers also tracked whether pup syllables moved toward more adult-like features. They found that pups whose mothers showed higher activity reached mature-sounding syllables earlier.</p>



<p>These results could mean that the mechanical skills and brain processes for producing adult calls are boosted by social contact. Over time, the pup transitions from broad babbling to crisp, well-formed phrases.</p>



<p>Scientists have proposed that such maternal feedback helps the young strengthen vocal skills. Pups learn by comparing their own calls to the calls they hear, then adjusting until there is a match.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connections-to-human-speech">Connections to human speech</h2>



<p>Though humans and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/over-half-of-north-american-bats-face-extinction-risk-in-15-years/">bats</a> are worlds apart, both rely on extensive vocal imitation in early life. People have long studied infant babbling to find clues about how children master speech.</p>



<p>Some researchers think that babbling might serve <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29375276/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multiple goals</a>. It gives the infant a chance to practice forming sounds, and it can trigger extra bonding time with caregivers.</p>



<p>Bats might display a comparable loop. Pups try out different notes, the mother replies with movement or attention, and the pup is encouraged to produce more complex sounds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-babbling-sessions-and-complex-learning">Long babbling sessions and complex learning</h2>



<p>The final number of syllables mastered by weaning did not directly link to how active each mother was. That aspect might depend more on how long pups keep babbling or how quickly they pick up new sound types.</p>



<p>Future work could explore whether mothers respond more often to specific syllables. That level of detail may reveal patterns of back-and-forth shaping that were not obvious in the broader analysis.</p>



<p>Scientists also wonder if close contact with motherly affection can spark hormone changes in pups. This might influence how quickly babbling matures, echoing theories in human child development.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-bat-pup-babbling">Significance of bat pup babbling </h2>



<p>These findings hint at a social element in mammalian voice learning. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-bat-appreciation-day-the-crucial-role-of-bats-in-nature/">Bats</a> share certain brain structures with humans, making them especially interesting for understanding speech origins.</p>



<p>The study offers a glimpse into how complex communication systems can appear in non-human mammals. It also opens the door to new ideas on how maternal cues guide early vocal practice.</p>



<p>Such knowledge can enrich our understanding of communication in the animal kingdom. It might even offer fresh perspectives on how humans first learned to talk.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/99474" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>eLife</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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What secrets are hidden in the babbling of bats?

Pups of the greater sac-winged bat have been recorded spending...

The,Theatre,Of,Aspendos,Ancient,City,In,Antalya

<p>Archaeologists working at Driffield Terrace, a well-preserved Roman cemetery in York, have uncovered the first direct physical evidence of gladiatorial combat between a human and fierce, wild animal. </p>



<p>The breakthrough came through a close forensic analysis of bite marks found on one of the 82 robust male skeletons excavated at the site.</p>



<p>This discovery reshapes our understanding of Roman entertainment beyond the walls of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ancient-romans-made-such-incredibly-durable-concrete-is-no-longer-a-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colosseum</a>. The cemetery first made headlines in 2010 when experts revealed that the men buried there were young, muscular individuals who had likely undergone intense physical training. </p>



<p>Their skeletons also bore signs of violent trauma, and their unusual burial practices hinted at lives lived, and often ended, in combat.</p>



<p>However, until now, the idea that these men were gladiators had remained a compelling theory - lacking one final piece of evidence. That final piece came in the form of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-and-female-lions-have-different-social-strategies-for-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lion</a>’s bite.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gladiator-combat-confirmation">Gladiator combat confirmation</h2>



<p>Malin Holst, a lecturer in Osteoarchaeology at the <a href="https://www.york.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of York</a> and managing director of <a href="https://yorkosteoarchaeology.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">York Osteoarchaeology</a>, led the analysis that definitively linked the bite marks to a large feline predator.</p>



<p>“The bite marks were likely made by a lion, which confirms that the skeletons buried at the cemetery were gladiators, rather than soldiers or slaves, as initially thought and represent the first osteological confirmation of human interaction with large carnivores in a combat or entertainment setting in the Roman world,” she explained.</p>



<p>This new insight stems from research that began in 2004, when the first of these 1,800-year-old skeletons was excavated along a Roman road leading out of York. Experts determined that many of these individuals had come from different parts of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lead-pollution-may-have-caused-the-fall-of-the-roman-empire/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Roman Empire</a>. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/gladiator-bones_bite-marks_lion_romans_credit-PLOS-One_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/gladiator-bones_bite-marks_lion_romans_credit-PLOS-One_1s.webp" alt="Lesions on the left iliac spine of 6DT19. Credit: PLOS One (2025)" class="wp-image-1967179"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Lesions on the left iliac spine of 6DT19. Credit: PLOS One (2025)</em></figcaption></figure>



<p>An analysis of their bones suggested high levels of physical strain and repeated injuries - markers typical of gladiators. The man in question was aged between 26 and 35 at the time of death. </p>



<p>His skeleton, found buried with two others and overlaid with horse bones, bore evidence of a tough life - spinal issues likely from strain, inflammation in the lungs and thigh, and signs of early malnutrition that he had recovered from.</p>



<p>However, the lion bite - unhealed and fatal - was what sealed his fate. After death, he was also decapitated, a ritual observed in several other burials of the same period, though the cultural reasoning behind this remains uncertain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lions-in-combat-with-gladiators">Lions in combat with gladiators</h2>



<p>Professor Tim Thompson from <a href="https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Maynooth University</a> in Ireland highlighted the significance of the discovery. “For years, our understanding of Roman gladiatorial combat and animal spectacles has relied heavily on historical texts and artistic depictions," he said.</p>



<p>"This discovery provides the first direct, physical evidence that such events took place in this period, reshaping our perception of Roman entertainment culture in the region,” he continued.</p>



<p>Analysis of the remains suggests the man may have been a Bestiarius, a type of gladiator tasked with fighting wild animals. These roles were often filled by volunteers or enslaved individuals. </p>



<p>What’s particularly notable is that the combat involving this individual likely did not take place in Rome but in Roman York - a major provincial city. Although the city’s amphitheater has yet to be discovered, this evidence strongly suggests one existed.</p>



<p>“We often have a mental image of these combats occurring at the grand surroundings of the Colosseum in Rome, but these latest findings show that these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/youth-sports-are-more-accessible-to-privileged-families/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sporting events</a> had a far reach, well beyond the center of core Roman territories,” Holst said. “An amphitheatre probably existed in Roman York, but this has not yet been discovered.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gladiators-combat-and-the-roman-empire">Gladiators, combat, and the Roman Empire</h2>



<p>York’s importance as a political and military hub during the Roman period - home to influential figures including Emperor Constantine - meant it would have had the cultural infrastructure to support such spectacles. </p>



<p>Gladiatorial games were not merely brutal displays; they were high-stakes entertainment, tied into the social and political fabric of Roman cities. Interestingly, despite their expendability, gladiators were valuable assets. </p>



<p>Owners would invest in their success, and when they did die, some were given burial gifts to serve them in the afterlife, as seen at Driffield Terrace. </p>



<p>Owners of gladiators would most likely not have wanted them to die, since they were expensive ‘sports people,’ similar to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/college-athletes-have-lasting-brain-changes-after-concussion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">footballers</a> today.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rewriting-roman-history-in-the-north"><a></a>Rewriting Roman history in the north</h2>



<p>According to David Jennings, CEO of <a href="https://yorkarchaeology.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">York Archaeology</a>, this finding is crucial in expanding the story of the Roman world beyond its capital. </p>



<p>“This latest research gives us a remarkable insight into the life - and death - of this particular individual, and adds to both previous and ongoing genome research into the origins of some of the men buried in this particular Roman cemetery,” he said.</p>



<p>“We may never know what brought this man to the arena where we believe he may have been fighting for the entertainment of others, but it is remarkable that the first osteo-archaeological evidence for this kind of gladiatorial combat has been found so far from the Colosseum of Rome, which would have been the classical world’s Wembley Stadium of combat,” Jennings added.</p>



<p>Visitors to <a href="http://www.digyork.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DIG: An Archaeological Adventure in St Saviourgate</a> will soon have the chance to come face-to-face with history, as the lion-bitten skeleton will be displayed there alongside a reconstructed model of the gladiator’s face - bringing a forgotten chapter of Roman Yorkshire vividly back to life.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0319847" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PLOS One</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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First physical evidence found of gladiators fighting fierce animals in Roman arenas

Archaeologists working at Driffield Terrace, a well-preserved Roman cemetery in...

List,Of,Prime,Numbers,Below,100,,Text,Written,On,Paper

<p>Numbers rarely make headlines, yet a fresh claim about prime numbers is stirring excitement well beyond math circles. Primes are those stubborn figures that resist division by anything but 1 and themselves. </p>



<p>For thousands of years, their locations have seemed as unpredictable as meteor showers.</p>



<p>Now comes a bold assertion: primes are not as random as we thought. If that statement holds, it rewrites a story mathematicians have told since the ancient Greeks. It also challenges the security systems that shield our bank transactions and private messages.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-prime-numbers">Understanding prime numbers</h2>



<p>Every whole number on your calculator can be built from primes. Need 15? Multiply 3 and 5. Need 323? Break it into 17 × 19. Yet no one has found a simple shortcut that lists every prime in order without missing one or adding impostors. </p>



<p>The hunt for such a shortcut has produced famous puzzles - from the Riemann hypothesis to the search for ever-larger primes - but no final map. </p>



<p>That apparent chaos is so reliable that modern encryption counts on it. If hackers cannot predict the next prime, your credit-card details stay safe.</p>



<p>Still, primes have a habit of surprising us. They crop up in patterns inside musical scales, help explain the spacing of sunflower seeds, and even assist physicists in modeling <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poorly-understood-force-helps-keep-atomic-nuclei-stable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atomic nuclei</a>. Each appearance whispers that a deeper order may exist.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cracking-the-prime-number-code">Cracking the prime number code</h2>



<p>That whisper grew louder when a team working between Hong Kong and North Carolina shared a preview of its findings. </p>



<p>“This is a genuinely revolutionary development in prime number theory,” enthused Way Kuo, a Senior Fellow at the Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study (<a href="https://www.hkias.cityu.edu.hk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CityU</a>), who is working on the project alongside researchers in the U.S. </p>



<p>The group’s lead investigator, Han-Lin Li, brings expertise in computer science; co-author Shu-Cherng Fang is an authority in industrial and systems engineering. Together they tackle problems where mathematics meets real-world complexity.</p>



<p>Their claim is blunt. “Our team has devised a way to accurately and swiftly predict when prime numbers will appear,” adds Kuo. </p>



<p>The statement, tucked inside a working paper on the <em>SSRN Electronic Journal</em>, immediately caught the eye of number theorists - and skeptics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-periodic-table-of-primes">Periodic table of primes</h2>



<p>At the heart of the paper sits a chart dubbed the Periodic Table of Primes, or PTP. Much like the familiar chemical table, the PTP plots each prime inside repeating blocks. </p>



<p>Slide along one block, and you land on the next prime; hop down a column, and you encounter twin primes - pairs that differ by just two, such as 11 and 13. </p>



<p>The authors say the grid not only pinpoints where the next prime hides but also estimates the largest gap between primes in any stretch of numbers.</p>



<p>Such forecasts, if verified, would turn several open questions into routine calculations. Counting the total primes below, say, one quintillion could shrink from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-ai-framework-dimon-turning-any-laptop-into-a-supercomputer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supercomputer</a> months to desktop minutes. </p>



<p>Factorizing large integers - vital for digital signatures - could speed up just as dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/code-breaking-encryption-quantum-computers-takes-big-step-closer-to-becoming-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cryptography</a> relies on the difficulty of teasing apart two large primes once they are multiplied. The RSA algorithm, for instance, underpins secure websites by turning that difficulty into a digital padlock. </p>



<p>If the PTP really guides users straight to primes, today’s padlocks may look flimsy tomorrow. </p>



<p>Researchers in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cybersecurity-threats-hit-intel-processors-impacting-billions-globally/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cybersecurity</a> are already sketching new protocols that would stay a step ahead, either by switching to quantum-resistant schemes or by choosing keys built from mathematical structures other than primes.</p>



<p>Not all consequences are ominous. Better prime prediction could reinforce security, too. Designers could pick keys with built-in tests - fail the test, and you know the key was forged. </p>



<p>Faster prime generation might also improve blockchain platforms, trimming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-environmental-cost-of-ai-what-are-we-willing-to-give-up-for-computing-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy costs</a> that now rival small power plants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prime-numbers-and-the-cosmos">Prime numbers and the cosmos</h2>



<p>Curiously, the breakthrough did not spark inside a pure-math department. The team was refining a color-coding method for image compression, where numbers stand in for shades of red, green, and blue. </p>



<p>Prime factors help squeeze those shades into smaller files without visible loss. While charting factor patterns, Li and colleagues noticed sequences that lined up with prime appearances. Follow the breadcrumb trail, and the PTP emerged.</p>



<p>Should the table withstand peer review, its ripple could reach astrophysics and quantum computing. Primes guide error-correcting codes that let <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> beam crisp photos across billions of miles. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum bits</a>, or qubits, likewise need robust codes to stay coherent. A clearer map of primes could sharpen both missions - snapping cleaner pictures of distant galaxies and keeping qubits in line long enough to tackle chemical simulations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



<p>Mathematicians will now poke every corner of the PTP, searching for hidden flaws. If none appear, one of the oldest riddles in arithmetic loses its aura of chance. </p>



<p>Either way, the chase proves something primes have taught for millennia: a humble question - what divides evenly into what - can reshape how we encrypt secrets, compress selfies, and explore space.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>The brilliant team behind this revolutionary discovery comprises Han-Lin Li, a Visiting Professor in the Department of Computer Science at City University of Hong Kong (<a href="https://www.cs.cityu.edu.hk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CityUHK</a>), Shu-Cherng Fang, the Walter Clark Chair Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University</a>, and Way Kuo, a Senior Fellow at the Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study, <a href="https://www.hkias.cityu.edu.hk/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CityU</a>.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4742238" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SSRN Electronic Journal</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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'Prime numbers' discovery upends thousands of years of accepted beliefs and causes big security issues

Numbers rarely make headlines, yet a fresh claim about prime...

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