In a stark update on the deteriorating condition of our planet, an international assembly of climate experts has reported that the Earth’s vital signs have declined to levels never before witnessed in human history. This critical state threatens the very fabric of life on our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-scientific-consensus">Unprecedented scientific consensus</h2>



Led by William Ripple, a prominent figure from the Oregon State University <a href="https://www.forestry.oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">College of Forestry</a>, and Christopher Wolf, formerly associated with OSU, a team comprising 12 scientists has delivered a grim prognosis on Earth&#8217;s vital signs in their paper published in <a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/biosci/biad080" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BioScience</a>. 



Titled &#8220;The 2023 State of the climate report: Entering uncharted territory,&#8221; the study underscores that a staggering 20 out of 35 planetary vital signs used as barometers for climate health have hit record extremes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-on-the-brink">World on the brink</h2>



&#8220;Without decisive steps to address the fundamental issue of humanity&#8217;s overconsumption of the Earth&#8217;s resources, we are navigating towards the potential disintegration of natural and socioeconomic systems,&#8221; Wolf stated, painting a picture of a future marred by intolerable heat, food scarcity, and water shortages.



The authors highlight alarming data from 2023, pointing out that numerous records related to climate and Earth&#8217;s vital signs have been shattered &#8220;by enormous margins.&#8221; This includes unprecedented ocean temperatures, drastic reductions in sea ice, and an extraordinary Canadian wildfire season contributing to record levels of carbon dioxide emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-echoes-of-past-warnings">Echoes of past warnings</h2>



This report is not the first of its kind. It follows a significant &#8220;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-pushed-earth-to-code-red/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency</a>&#8221; published four years ago, where Ripple, alongside other collaborators, received support from over 15,000 scientists from 161 countries. 



Despite these earlier calls to action, little progress has been made, with Ripple emphasizing, &#8220;Life on our planet is unmistakably under assault.&#8221;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-climate-health-statistics">Alarming climate health statistics</h2>



The report lays bare several shocking statistics that outline why Earth&#8217;s vital signs are at an all-time low.



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-chief-fossil-fuel-era-must-end-for-humanitys-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fossil fuel</a> subsidies saw a staggering increase from $531 billion to over $1 trillion between 2021 and 2022, incentivizing harmful emissions. </li>



<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-amplify-risks-for-socially-vulnerable-populations-in-western-states/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildfires</a> in Canada alone have already contributed more than 1 gigaton of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere in 2023, surpassing the nation&#8217;s total greenhouse gas emissions the previous year. </li>



<li>A concerning trend in global temperature rise, with 38 days already recorded where temperatures were more than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">1.5 degrees Celsius</a> above pre-industrial levels. </li>



<li>July experienced the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/july-was-earths-hottest-month-in-120000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">highest average</a> Earth surface temperature on record, likely the most extreme in the last 100,000 years.</li>
</ul>



Wolf expressed deep concern, stating, &#8220;As scientists, the sudden escalation in the frequency and intensity of climate-related disasters is deeply unsettling.&#8221;



The study cautions that these disasters&#8217; frequency and intensity might even be accelerating faster than temperature rises. The paper forecasts a dire future, where 3 to 6 billion people will find themselves in uninhabitable conditions by the end of this century.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-vital-signs-need-transformative-policies">Earth&#8217;s vital signs need transformative policies</h2>



The scientific community is advocating for policies that address &#8220;ecological overshoot,&#8221; a scenario where humanity&#8217;s demands exceed the Earth&#8217;s capacity, resulting in numerous environmental crises, including a decline in biodiversity.



They argue that solutions focusing solely on carbon or climate will fall short of repairing Earth&#8217;s vital signs unless the overarching pressures on global systems are alleviated. As Ripple puts it, the scientific community has a &#8220;moral duty&#8221; to guide humanity away from potential existential threats and lead action-driven dialogues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steering-towards-a-just-sustainable-future">Steering towards a just, sustainable future</h2>



The paper calls for a comprehensive overhaul of global economic practices. The authors of the study urge a transition that foregrounds human well-being, curtails excessive consumption, and drastically reduces affluent populations&#8217; emissions.



Key policy recommendations to reverse the decline of Earth&#8217;s vital signs include:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Eliminating fossil fuel subsidies. </li>



<li>Encouraging shifts towards plant-based diets. </li>



<li>Amplifying efforts to protect global forest areas. </li>



<li>Establishing international treaties focused on eliminating coal and preventing new fossil fuel exploration.</li>
</ul>



The authors underscore the necessity for equity and social justice in all climate-related decisions. They clearly recognize the disproportionate impact of climate calamities on the world&#8217;s most impoverished populations, who have the smallest carbon footprints.



In a world where climate-related disasters are becoming the norm rather than the exception, this clarion call from the scientific community is more urgent than ever. It implores global leaders, decision-makers, and individuals alike to embark on a more sustainable path, with the understanding that the very future of life on Earth hinges on the actions humanity takes now.



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Life under siege: Earth’s vital signs reach an all-time low

The January blues aren't just a human struggle - our four-legged friends can feel them too. Dogs, much like humans, can experience post-holiday lows that leave them feeling out of sorts.



We're not talking about an episode of Blues Clues here, but rather a real phenomenon that affects many pets during this time of year.



According to new research conducted by the Guide Dogs organization, changes in routine and shorter days might be contributing to your dog's seasonal slump.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-january-blues-in-dogs">January blues in dogs</h2>



Just as many of us feel a bit lethargic and down in January, our canine companions are no different. 



In fact, the survey found that about one in four dogs exhibit signs of lethargy and lack of energy. Furthermore, roughly one in seven dogs appear to show signs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-household-sounds-trigger-anxiety-in-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety</a> or boredom. 



But what is bringing dogs down in January? The answer is surprisingly human-like: changes in daily routines, dark mornings, and the absence of their owners (after the festive season).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-canine-emotions-mimic-humans">Canine emotions mimic humans</h2>



A staggering 94% of the surveyed owners agreed that their pets seemed to mirror their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-feel-our-emotions-through-our-heart-rate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotions</a>.



"Dogs are incredibly attuned to their owners’ feelings, and when routines are disrupted or we feel low, it’s no surprise that they might reflect those changes," said Tim Stafford, director of canine affairs at Guide Dogs.



However, it’s worth mentioning that while <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-evolving-to-fit-the-modern-lives-of-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> may be receptive to our feelings, we might not be as good at recognizing theirs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-helping-your-dog-cope-with-the-blues">Helping your dog cope with the blues </h2>



January is undoubtedly a rough month for both dogs and their owners. With this in mind, it's important to pay extra attention to your dog’s behavior at this time.



"We know that dogs thrive on routine and consistency, so whilst January can be tough, by focusing on re-establishing structure and following our tips on exercise and stimulation, we can easily help our dogs (and ourselves) feel better," noted Stafford. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-january-s-impact-on-dog-owners">January's impact on dog owners</h2>



Did you know that more than half of dog owners feel the pressure of the dark days and cold weather of January? Approximately one-third are dealing with financial stress, while 39% struggle to get back into their routine.



Meanwhile, during January, many dog owners also observed noticeable changes in their pets' behavior. 



Lethargy was the most commonly reported issue - affecting 27% of dogs - while 15% of owners noted signs of anxiety in their furry friends. Additionally, 13% reported their dogs experiencing boredom.



Overall, 59% of owners acknowledged observing behavioral shifts in their pets during the post-holiday period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-boost-your-dog-s-mood">How to boost your dog's mood</h2>



The <a href="https://www.guidedog.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Guide Dogs organization</a> recommends maintaining regular routines around walks, playtimes, and meals. There's no denying that dogs feel secure when they know what to expect.



Engaging with your dog during walks, playing games, and teaching them new skills can spark joy and distract them from their January blues. 



On cold, dreary days, snuggling on the sofa with your furry friend can also help to reduce stress and forge a stronger bond.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disrupted-dog-routines">Disrupted dog routines</h2>



The January blues can impact how you care for your dog too. Around one in five people confessed that the dark mornings have delayed outings, disrupting their dog's routine.



With many dog owners returning to work, about 13% reported that their dogs are spending more time alone compared to the holiday season.



However, there is some light at the end of the tunnel. An uplifting 88% of owners agreed that walking their dog improved their mental well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-battling-the-january-blues">Battling the January blues</h2>



The survey concluded on a positive note, revealing that 45% of owners have resolved to lead a more active lifestyle this year. The respondents plan to use <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-walking-improves-mobility-and-prevents-falls-in-older-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog walks</a> as an opportunity to improve their fitness.



So, as we muddle through January, know that you are not alone battling the blues. It seems even our furry friends are feeling it too. 



However, by spending more time with our dogs, we can lift their spirits while giving our own a much-needed boost as well.



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Dogs suffer from the January blues, just like humans

The January blues aren't just a human struggle - our...

Understanding how birds think and process information has long been a mystery. Unlike mammals, birds do not leave behind preserved brains in fossils, making it difficult for scientists to study their cognitive abilities over time. 



However, a breakthrough study by evolutionary biologists in Australia and neuroscience researchers in Canada is now providing remarkable insights into avian intelligence.



By analyzing the structure of bird skulls using advanced digital technology, researchers at Flinders University in South Australia and the University of Lethbridge in Canada have developed a new way to study both extinct and living birds. 



The method involves creating digital "endocasts" from the cranial spaces inside bird skulls, allowing them to estimate brain size and shape with remarkable accuracy. 



This approach is giving scientists a clearer picture of bird cognition, intelligence, and evolutionary history without needing to physically examine brain tissue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconstructing-bird-brains">Reconstructing bird brains</h2>



The research, published in the journal&nbsp;Biology Letters, focuses on reconstructing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagulls-birds-more-intelligent-than-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> brain structures by analyzing the inside of their skulls.



By scanning dry museum skulls from long-dead birds, scientists have been able to extract surprisingly detailed information about their brains. This includes insights into the size of crucial brain regions responsible for intelligence and agility.



"This showed that the two correspond so closely that there is no need for the actual brain to estimate a bird's brain proportions," said study lead author and <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flinders University</a> PhD researcher Aubrey Keirnan.



Despite the term "bird brain" often being used as an insult, birds are known for their remarkable intelligence. Many bird species such as crows and parrots demonstrate problem-solving skills, tool use, and even self-awareness.



"The brains of birds are so large that they are practically a braincase with a beak," noted Keirnan.



This study sought to determine whether the imprint left by a bird's brain on its skull accurately reflects the proportions of two crucial parts of the brain: the forebrain, which is responsible for intelligence, and the cerebellum, which controls coordination and movement.



To test this, the researchers scanned the skulls of 136 bird <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survival-of-the-smartest-chickadees-with-better-memory-live-longer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> and compared the results with either microscopic brain sections or existing literature data. 



By doing so, they were able to determine whether the volume of these critical brain regions matched the imprints left inside the skull.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpectedly-precise-correlation">Unexpectedly precise correlation</h2>



The results of the study surprised even the researchers. The correlation between brain volume and endocast surface area was almost one-to-one, indicating a highly reliable method for estimating brain proportions.



"We used computed microtomography to scan the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crows-hold-grudges-for-up-to-17-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> skulls. This allows us to digitally fill the brain cavity to get the brain's imprint, also called an endocast," explained Professor Vera Weisbecker from Flinders University.



The fact that endocasts so precisely reflect the shape of the brain means that scientists can now study the brains of rare and even extinct bird species without the need for preserved brain tissue. 



"This is excellent news because it allows us to gather insight into the neuroanatomy of elusive, rare, and even extinct species without ever even seeing their brains," said Weisbecker.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionizing-bird-brain-research">Revolutionizing bird brain research</h2>



The ability to create digital endocasts marks a significant shift in how scientists study bird brains. In the past, researchers had to pour liquid latex into a skull cavity, wait for it to harden, and then break the skull to retrieve the endocast. This process was destructive and often impractical for studying rare or fragile specimens.



"Using non-destructive scanning not only allows us to create endocasts from the rarest of birds, it also produces digital files of the skulls and endocasts that can be shared with scientists and the public," explained Weisbecker.



With these digital models, researchers can now conduct large-scale comparative studies, track evolutionary trends, and even explore how different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crows-count-out-loud-just-like-toddlers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird species</a> developed their unique cognitive abilities. 



The ability to share digital endocasts worldwide also means that scientists can collaborate more easily and work with data from species that might be difficult to access in person.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-bird-evolution">Implications for bird evolution</h2>



One of the most exciting aspects of this research is its potential to shed light on the evolution of bird intelligence. 



By studying the brain structures of different bird species, researchers can gain a better understanding of how certain cognitive traits developed over time.



University of Lethbridge Professor Andrew Iwaniuk, who co-led the study, admits he was surprised by how accurately the endocasts reflected brain structures. 



"While most of the telencephalon (outer part of the forebrain) is visible from the outer surface, a substantial portion of the cerebellum is obscured by this region," said Professor Iwaniuk.



"Given that the degree of obscurity can vary between species, I did not expect a strong correlation between endocast surface area and brain volume across all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bigger-bird-brains-grow-at-the-expense-of-the-parents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a>."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-bird-conservation">Implications for bird conservation</h2>



The study also has implications for conservation and research on endangered birds. Since many threatened species are difficult to study in the wild, being able to analyze skull structures from museum specimens could provide valuable insights into their cognitive abilities and behaviors.



Additionally, this research could offer clues about extinct species, including birds' closest prehistoric relatives: the dinosaurs. However, applying this method to dinosaurs remains uncertain. 



"For example, crocodiles are the closest living relatives of birds, but their brains look nothing like that of a bird - and their brains do not fill the braincase enough to be as informative," said Keirnan.



This suggests that while digital endocasts may help reconstruct the brains of extinct birds, they may not be as useful for studying dinosaur cognition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-avian-neuroscience">Future of avian neuroscience</h2>



This study marks a major step forward in avian neuroscience and evolutionary biology. By using advanced digital techniques, scientists can now explore the complexities of bird brains without relying on preserved brain tissue, opening up new possibilities for research.



As scanning technologies continue to improve, researchers may be able to refine their methods even further, potentially unlocking new insights into how birds process information, solve problems, and interact with their environments. 



The findings could also lead to a better understanding of the evolutionary pressures that shaped bird intelligence over millions of years.



Ultimately, this research demonstrates that birds are far more intelligent than the outdated stereotype of "bird brains" suggests. 



With new digital tools, scientists are now able to unlock the secrets hidden within bird skulls, providing a clearer picture of avian cognition and evolution.



As more species are studied, we may discover even more surprising connections between brain structure and intelligence in the animal kingdom.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0596" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biology Letters</a>.



Image Credit: CC-BY Aubrey Keirnan (skull) Andrew Iwaniuk (brain)



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"Bird brain" study gives remarkable new insights into avian intelligence

Understanding how birds think and process information has long been...

A mysterious item from the inner workings of a cow has sparked a worldwide scramble. Hardened lumps of bile known as cattle gallstones have become so valuable that criminal rings on multiple continents have begun hunting them down.



Some stones can command over twice the price of gold, sparking tales of nighttime thefts and elaborate smuggling schemes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-cattle-gallstones-are-suddenly-important">Why cattle gallstones are suddenly important</h2>



The fascination with gallstones centers on their use in <a href="https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/traditional-chinese-medicine-what-you-need-to-know" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese traditional medicine</a>, which is valued at around $60 billion annually, according to the World Health Organization (<a href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/traditional-complementary-and-integrative-medicine#tab=tab_1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WHO</a>).&nbsp;



<a href="https://africana.sdsu.edu/our-faculty/gomes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Daniela Gomes da Silva</a>, a researcher at <a href="https://www.international.unesp.br/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">São Paulo State University</a>, says the intensifying appetite for these stones has pushed some producers to consider strange ideas, such as trying to induce gallstones in their herds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-cattle-gallstones-the-basics">Understanding cattle gallstones - the basics</h2>



Cattle gallstones are solid formations that develop in the gallbladder of cows, although they’re not as common as in humans. They usually form when there's an imbalance in the substances that make up bile, much like in humans. 



However, in cattle, gallstones are typically made up of calcium salts like calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate instead of cholesterol, which is more common in humans. 



This difference stems from cattle’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ai-can-help-reduce-methane-emissions-from-cows/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unique digestive systems</a>, which are designed to process large amounts of plant material. 



Their high-fiber diets and the way their bodies handle bile contribute to the formation of these calcium-based stones.



When cattle develop gallstones, they might not always show obvious signs at first. However, if the stones block the bile ducts, cows can experience discomfort, reduced appetite, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seaweed-supplements-reduce-methane-in-grazing-cattle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">digestive issues</a>. 



Farmers and veterinarians usually detect gallstones through ultrasound examinations or other imaging techniques if they suspect a problem. 



The fact that it's impossible to know if a cow has a gallstone without proper examination adds an entirely separate and sinister layer to this new global smuggling market.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-price-and-a-hidden-black-market">High price and a hidden black market</h2>



These rust-colored nuggets can fetch more than $5,800 an ounce - twice as much as gold - in certain markets.



They are often dried, powdered, and then combined with other materials to form traditional pills that some believe can help treat serious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stem-cell-therapy-improves-brain-activity-after-stroke/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conditions like strokes</a>.



Because of the profits involved, a black market has developed. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-parrots-in-the-illegal-wildlife-trade-with-dna-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smugglers</a> are known to transport stones in hidden compartments to avoid taxes and police, and some producers are wary of armed theft by those who want a shortcut to these lucrative byproducts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cattle-gallstones-and-stroke-recovery">Cattle gallstones and stroke recovery</h2>



The WHO <a href="https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/stroke-cerebrovascular-accident/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reports</a> that strokes are the leading cause of death in China. Traditional remedies that include gallstone powder are often promoted as a way to provide extra time for stroke patients.



One <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6548905/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> from the <a href="https://www.hku.hk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hong Kong</a> found evidence that certain ingredients in popular “<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4281447/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Angong</a>” pills, which include cattle gallstone powder, may offer short-term protection for the brain in rats experiencing ischemic strokes. 



While these findings are still under investigation, this belief in gallstones’ protective qualities has added to their demand.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-controversies">Wildlife controversies</h2>



“The rapid growth of the TCM industry over the last few decades has exacerbated the pressure on endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-wildlife-conservation-day-2024-saving-species-from-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> in Asia and beyond,” said the London-based <a href="https://eia-international.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Investigation Agency</a>. Some in the conservation community are concerned about the wider industry.&nbsp;



Although cattle gallstones themselves do not threaten wild species, the industry sometimes combines them with ingredients like rhino horn or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-pangolin-day-project-launched-to-save-the-elusive-mammal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pangolin scales</a> in certain remedies. That element has triggered alarm among groups working to curb illegal wildlife trafficking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-demand-for-cattle-gallstones">Rising demand for cattle gallstones</h2>



Rising incomes and lifestyle changes in China have led to increased obesity, hypertension, and other conditions that are linked to <a href="https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular diseas</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">e</a>. 



As a result, gallstones, once discarded by slaughterhouses, have become prized commodities.



Because some black-market dealers try to dodge strict regulations, gallstone shipments have been hidden in everyday items to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-are-using-forensic-science-to-fight-wildlife-trafficking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avoid detection</a>.



Authorities have also encountered schemes where sugar or brick dust is injected or ground into the stones to inflate weight and boost profits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-farming-methods-may-help">Modern farming methods may help</h2>



As Brazil becomes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-paves-the-way-for-climate-conscious-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">more efficient</a> in producing beef, some farmers shorten the lifespan of their cattle with optimized feeding routines. 



Da Silva explains that younger herds may yield better meat and fewer gallstones because there is less time for these lumps to form.



The irony is that while certain ranchers see gallstones as valuable gold nuggets, modern techniques that improve farm production may unintentionally reduce the presence of these costly stones. 



Still, unscrupulous players look to exploit any opportunity to get their hands on the product, even resorting to theft in some regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lingering-mysteries">Lingering mysteries</h2>



Scientists have yet to determine the precise reasons some cattle develop gallstones. Da Silva notes that older animals with more time on pasture are more prone to this condition.



However, it remains unclear how diet, genetics, and stress might play a role. Rumors occasionally spread of stones the size of a football, but these stories are rarely supported by credible evidence.



Experts caution producers not to chase unrealistic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-elephant-day-2024-saving-the-gentle-giants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">legends</a>, warning that the gallstone frenzy can lead to costly risks, including robberies and legal troubles if regulations are ignored.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-regulations-needed">More regulations needed</h2>



Strict enforcement and improved oversight may push more of the market into legal channels. Some industry analysts believe that, if gallstones continue to command a price above that of gold, more players will be tempted to enter the trade, thus fueling both opportunities and criminal activities.



Meanwhile, many medical professionals maintain that though traditional solutions may offer support, they should be one facet of a well-rounded approach to healthcare.&nbsp;



Despite the high prices and dramatic tales of smuggling, many in Brazil’s farming regions remain content to focus on milk and meat production. For them, cattle gallstones are a novelty - albeit a very expensive one.



Details for this article came from <a href="https://www.wsj.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Wallstreet Journal.</a>



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Cattle gallstones, insanely valuable, are the new 'must-have' item in global smuggling rings

A mysterious item from the inner workings of a cow...

Most people are left confounded and flummoxed when presented with the most basic concepts of quantum mechanics. That's because they make no sense to any rational mind, so please don't take this statement as any type of slight. 



This is especially true when discussing something called "superposition" - where a particle can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-a-simple-way-to-grasp-this-impossible-concept-carl-kocher/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exist in multiple states</a> at the same time until someone actually measures it.



One of the most memorable thought experiments used to explain superposition is through the story of Schrödinger’s cat, which paints a picture of a hypothetical feline that is simultaneously alive and dead inside a box. 



When someone opens the box to observe the cat, the superposition is broken, and the cat definitively becomes one or the other: alive or dead.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-schrodinger-s-cat-explains-quantum-strangeness">Schrödinger’s cat explains quantum strangeness</h2>



Of course, we never encounter boxes containing real animals in that type of bizarre dual state, yet researchers continually explore and test superpositions of much smaller particles. 



They do this for many reasons, but for the purposes of this research, a team of scientists focused on particle superposition because they believe it holds the secret to error-free <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/google-record-shattering-quantum-ai-chip-accesses-parallel-universes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a>.



Quantum computers display processing <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/quantum-computation-and-quantum-information/01E10196D0A682A6AEFFEA52D53BE9AE#overview" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">power</a> that monumentally eclipses anything that modern traditional computers or supercomputers can manage.



<a href="https://www.unsw.edu.au/staff/andrea-morello" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andrea Morello</a> from the University of New South Wales (<a href="https://www.unsw.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNSW</a>) has been at the forefront of turning these quantum properties into a secure and efficient way to store and process information.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antimony-as-the-quantum-cat">Antimony as the quantum cat</h2>



<a href="https://scholar.google.com.au/citations?user=pYmHeC8AAAAJ&amp;hl=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Xi Yu</a>, a researcher in the same UNSW group, describes their latest feat as creating a quantum atomic take on this cat story.



“In our work, the ‘cat’ is an <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/Antimony" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atom of antimony</a>,” explains Xi Yu, who was lead author of the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02745-0#Abs1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">paper</a>.



Antimony is no ordinary atom. It has a nuclear spin with <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.5.033105" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eight possible directions</a>, unlike simpler two-state systems called qubits.



That larger range protects the encoded data from sudden changes that would normally disrupt more fragile qubits.



A typical qubit can flip if anything nudges it, and one flip may turn a zero into a one, foiling any crucial calculation. The antimony approach helps avoid that vulnerability.



“As the proverb goes, a cat has nine lives. One little scratch is not enough to kill it,” says Xi Yu.



Each small error leaves most of the data intact, making it easier to notice and fix any trouble before it gets worse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-schrodinger-s-cat-inside-a-silicon-chip">Schrödinger’s cat inside a silicon chip</h2>



<a href="https://www.unsw.edu.au/staff/danni-holmes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Danielle Holmes</a> at UNSW built a silicon chip that can hold this single antimony atom. It grants full control over the spin state, and it is fashioned with the same material found in typical consumer electronics.



This opens the door for large-scale production methods that already exist. 



The prospect of connecting many atoms on a chip may allow <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/quantum-device" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum devices</a> to be assembled using machinery that has served the regular semiconductor industry for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-error-correction-with-quantum-cats">Error correction with quantum cats</h2>



“A single, or even a few errors, do not immediately scramble the information,” says Morello, a professor at UNSW. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-teleportation-of-logical-qubits-performed-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum error correction</a> is a central challenge, since even minute glitches can cascade and ruin complicated tasks. 



By using antimony’s expanded spin space, the design does not topple when faced with a small slip. That extra buffer slows down error accumulation, so there is a higher chance of fixing mistakes in time.



Each quantum bit, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-quantum-computers-just-got-easier-with-new-technique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">qubit</a>, remains stable under minor disturbances that would derail simpler systems. Once a disturbance shows up, the device can often preserve the right values.



This relieves some of the burden from correction algorithms. With fewer surprises to manage, researchers hope these extra-robust qubits will lead to larger, more complex quantum circuits that can solve problems outside the reach of standard computers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-steps-in-quantum-computing">Next steps in quantum computing</h2>



Scientists plan to refine their tools for spotting and fixing errors the moment they pop up. They aim to push reliability high enough for lengthy <a href="https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/quantum-science-explained/quantum-superposition" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">computing</a> tasks.



Morello notes that this “Schrödinger’s cat” analogy shows how quantum systems can be both delicate and sturdy. 



By improving this technology, the team hopes to overcome one of the toughest hurdles to a fully fledged quantum computer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



Quantum machines could support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/code-breaking-encryption-quantum-computers-takes-big-step-closer-to-becoming-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">safer cryptography</a>, simulate large-scale phenomena, and sift through colossal data sets.



Engineers foresee a hybrid model where single-atom components work alongside today’s circuits, taking advantage of industrial processes that are already in place.



Though it may take time to perfect, early results suggest these unusual, cat-like states might boost the resilience of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum hardware</a>, and pave the way for a new era of computing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rewriting-quantum-rules">Rewriting quantum rules</h2>



Teams worldwide keep testing different spins and elements, hunting for ways to control errors without overloading hardware resources. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45368-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">High-dimensional nuclear spins </a>may be a vital stepping stone in this pursuit.



By letting these spins act like sturdy bits, researchers cut down the complicated fixes usually required. The hope is that robust qudit-based strategies will open the door to leaner and more powerful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> machines.



Experts from UNSW Sydney, the <a href="https://www.unimelb.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Melbourne</a>, <a href="https://www.sandia.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sandia National Laboratories</a>, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/ames/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Ames</a>, and the <a href="https://ucalgary.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Calgary</a> joined forces for this research. They tackled materials growth, device engineering, and advanced theoretical modeling.



Together, they turned a classic thought experiment into a workable unit that might, someday soon, accelerate quantum technology to the point where we achieve error-free quantum computing at mass scale.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02745-0#Abs1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Physics</a>.



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Schrödinger's cat successfully used in the real world, results could change the world

Most people are left confounded and flummoxed when presented with...

For the first time, researchers have measured the shape of an electron as it moves through a solid. This achievement could open a new way of looking at how electrons behave inside different materials. 



Their discovery highlights many effects that could be relevant to everything from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transmitting-quantum-information-using-electron-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum information</a> science to electronics manufacturing.



Those findings come from a team led by physicist <a href="https://physics.mit.edu/faculty/riccardo-comin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Riccardo Comin</a>, MIT’s Class of 1947 Career Development Associate Professor of Physics and leader of the work, in collaboration with other institutions. 



“We’ve essentially developed a blueprint for obtaining some completely new information that couldn’t be obtained before,” says Comin. His colleague and co-author, <a href="https://www.lassp.cornell.edu/people/mingu-kang" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mingu Kang</a>, performed much of this research at MIT before continuing at <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-angles-on-electron-shape">New angles on electron shape</h2>



Physicists have examined electrons for decades, but the wave-like aspect of these particles brings extra complexity. Electrons can be described not just as small points, but also as “wave functions.”&nbsp;



These wave functions look like shapes or surfaces in higher-dimensional spaces. Sometimes these shapes are relatively simple. Other times, they’re tangled and tricky to measure.&nbsp;



By using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, or <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43586-022-00133-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ARPES</a>, the team recorded details about how electrons behaved as light hit them. 



ARPES helped them pin down a previously elusive property of electrons that holds the key to better understanding their geometry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-electron-shape-matters">Why electron shape matters</h2>



In usual settings, we talk about an electron’s energy or velocity. Those are familiar concepts. Geometry, on the other hand, points to the patterns or forms that electron waves can take when arranged in a solid.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graviton-like-particle-observed-in-quantum-material-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum geometry</a> affects how these particles interact, pair up, and even give rise to unusual behaviors. One example is superconductivity, where electrons zip along a material without resistance. 



Another is when electrons form orderly patterns, a bit like a collection of synchronized dancers. Observing geometry could help scientists design new materials with novel electronic traits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-kagome-connection">The kagome connection</h2>



The team measured this geometric effect in a class of materials called <a href="https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=221687" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kagome metals</a>. Kagome metals are named for a repeating pattern of atoms that resembles a series of interlocking triangles. This lattice structure can influence how electrons navigate and share energy.&nbsp;



Physicists have long found kagome metals interesting because they host special behaviors that aren’t common in many other materials. 



Observing the geometry inside them could explain why electrons in these metals sometimes align in peculiar ways that set off advanced superconductivity or other strange effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arpes-and-quantum-shapes">ARPES and quantum shapes</h2>



During ARPES experiments, researchers shine a beam of photons on a crystal. The light pushes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/watching-electrons-move-1-quintillionth-of-second-attoseconds-attomicroscopy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electrons</a> out of the material, allowing scientists to measure those electrons’ angles and spins. 



By gathering that data, they reconstruct how electrons inside the crystal are moving and what shapes they form. 



This method is demanding because it requires intricate equipment and specialized facilities. Yet it gives a unique window into what happens on distances smaller than a billionth of an inch.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-and-potential-benefits">Applications and potential benefits</h2>



A precise measurement of quantum geometry can lead to progress in areas that rely on electron control. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/schrodingers-cat-put-into-silicon-chip-may-be-holy-grail-for-error-proof-quantum-computing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum computing</a>, for instance, depends on maintaining stable electronic states while performing computations. 



Researchers want materials that can reliably keep these states without unwanted disruptions. If scientists understand and possibly design the geometry of electrons, they might improve superconductors or even develop electronic devices that lose very little energy through heat. 



With energy efficiency becoming ever more critical, there’s real value in controlling electron flow on such tiny scales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-global-teamwork">Insights from global teamwork</h2>



This <a href="https://mrl.mit.edu/index.php/articles/physicists_measure_quantum_geometry_for_the_first_time" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> was a partnership among institutions spanning different parts of the world. Collaborators brought together theoretical and experimental backgrounds. 



Their collective expertise made it possible to design, synthesize, and measure the electronic structure of a kagome metal. 



The pandemic forced some members to work remotely, but it also enabled other team members to take on new roles in labs that were partially shut down. 



That unexpected shift helped push the work forward and demonstrated how closely linked theory and experiment must be when tackling high-precision measurements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-electron-shape-many-possibilities">One electron shape, many possibilities</h2>



Quantum geometry is far richer than standard geometry we learn in everyday math. The shape of an electron’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bose-einstein-condensate-bec-rare-form-quantum-matter-created-with-molecules/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wave function</a> isn’t like a typical circle or a neat sphere. It can take on forms that twist and loop in higher dimensions. 



Observing that shape in a real material confirms predictions that theorists have pursued for a long time. It means those theoretical constructs describing wave functions have real, measurable consequences. 



And now, there is a proven route to measure them, so future studies might target <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/edge-state-atoms-how-electrons-find-their-groove-in-frictionless-flow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exotic materials</a> that exhibit other patterns or new behaviors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



Scientists plan to refine techniques like ARPES and adapt them to explore a range of materials. They hope to see how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graviton-like-particle-observed-in-quantum-material-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum geometry</a> influences conductivity, magnetism, and other conditions that matter for practical applications. 



Physicists also see promise in discovering how manipulating geometry might encourage electrons to swap their usual habits for more synchronized, cooperative behavior. 



That synchronization is important for technologies that rely on controlling multiple electrons at once, such as quantum sensors or memory elements.



Experts say these findings will likely inspire more ambitious experiments to uncover aspects of quantum geometry we haven’t been able to measure before.&nbsp;



With each new result, materials researchers step closer to engineering designs for the electronic components of tomorrow. The electron might be tiny, but it’s revealing secrets about shaping the future of technology.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02678-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Physics</a>.



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Shape of electrons is revealed for the first time through big advance in quantum physics

For the first time, researchers have measured the shape of...

Complex organisms, thousands of times smaller than a grain of sand, have the power to shape entire ecosystems and influence the Earth's climate. 



A recent study by researchers from Arizona State University (ASU) and the National University of the Peruvian Amazon reveals the existence of an unknown family of microbes thriving in the waterlogged, low-oxygen peatlands of Peru’s northwestern Amazon rainforest.



These tiny organisms play a crucial role in the carbon cycle, with the ability to either stabilize carbon for long-term storage or release it into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide and methane.



The findings highlight the vital function of tropical peatlands as one of the world’s most significant carbon storage systems. The microbes within these ecosystems determine whether the peatlands remain vast carbon reservoirs or become sources of emissions that accelerate climate change. 



With human activity and climate shifts threatening their stability, the need to protect these delicate ecosystems has never been greater.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peatland-microbes-and-carbon-regulation">Peatland microbes and carbon regulation</h2>



Peatlands act as massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-accelerating-beyond-control-as-co2-levels-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> vaults, storing immense amounts of organic material that has accumulated over thousands of years. This process occurs because the waterlogged conditions slow down decomposition, allowing peat to build up over time. 



In the Amazonian peatlands, newly discovered microbes belonging to the ancient Bathyarchaeia group regulate this process by breaking down carbon compounds. Their metabolic flexibility allows them to survive in extreme environments, including oxygen-poor conditions.



These microbes perform a dual function. Under stable conditions, they help store carbon, keeping it locked away in the peat and reducing the risks associated with climate change. 



However, environmental shifts, such as drought and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-extremes-in-2024-what-have-we-learned/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising temperatures</a>, can activate these microbes in ways that lead to increased greenhouse gas emissions. If peatlands dry out or are disturbed, these organisms accelerate the release of stored carbon into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fragile-balance-of-the-amazon-peatlands">Fragile balance of the Amazon peatlands</h2>



The microbes identified in the study are found in the&nbsp;Pastaza-Marañón Foreland Basin, one of the most extensive peatland regions in the northwestern Amazon rainforest of Peru. 



Spanning approximately&nbsp;100,000 square kilometers, this area contains vast stretches of flooded rainforest and swamps underlain by ancient peat. These peatlands store around&nbsp;3.1 billion tons of carbon, roughly double the carbon held in all the world’s forests combined.



Despite their immense importance, these peatlands face increasing threats from climate change and human activity. Shifts in rainfall patterns and rising temperatures can dry out the peat, changing the microbial activity and turning these carbon sinks into carbon sources. 



Deforestation, mining, and land-use changes further disrupt the natural equilibrium, accelerating the release of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-microbes-in-amazon-peatland">Significance of microbes in Amazon peatland</h2>



"The microbial universe of the Amazon peatlands is vast in space and time, has been hidden by their remote locations, and has been severely under-studied in their local and global contributions," said Hinsby Cadillo Quiroz, corresponding author of the study and researcher at <a href="https://www.asu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ASU</a>’s Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology.



“Our work is finding incredible organisms adapted to this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-added-41-extra-days-of-dangerous-heat-in-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a>, and several of them provide unique and important services - from carbon stabilization or recycling to carbon monoxide detoxification and others."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-climate-connection">The climate connection</h2>



For centuries, tropical peatlands have functioned as reliable carbon sinks, absorbing more carbon than they release. However, they are now at risk of becoming net carbon emitters due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-confirmed-as-earths-hottest-year-in-recorded-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising global temperatures</a> and changes in precipitation. 



When peatlands dry out, microbial activity shifts, leading to&nbsp;an increase in methane and carbon dioxide emissions. This process could drastically alter global carbon cycles and intensify climate change.



According to the study, continued human-caused disruptions could result in the release of 500 million tons of carbon by the end of the century - an amount equivalent to 5% of the world’s annual fossil fuel emissions. Such an outcome would significantly amplify global warming and accelerate environmental changes worldwide.



The researchers emphasize the urgent need for sustainable land management strategies to prevent these carbon-rich ecosystems from turning into major emission sources. Preventing deforestation, reducing drainage projects, and limiting mining activities in peatlands are crucial steps in preserving their role in climate regulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbial-contributions-to-climate">Microbial contributions to climate</h2>



The discovery of these highly adaptable microbes provides new insights into how life persists in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/we-are-in-a-race-against-time-to-save-our-food-supply-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme environments</a> and how microorganisms influence global climate systems. 



These microbes consume carbon monoxide, a gas toxic to most life forms, and use it for energy, effectively reducing carbon toxicity in their surroundings. 



By breaking down organic carbon, the microbes generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide - which is then used by other microbes to produce methane. This interconnected microbial network plays a pivotal role in regulating the ecosystem’s overall carbon balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-microbes-survive-in-amazon-peatland">How microbes survive in Amazon peatland</h2>



One of the most remarkable aspects of these microbes is their ability to survive in fluctuating oxygen levels. The Amazon rainforest undergoes seasonal shifts in water levels, creating an environment where oxygen availability changes throughout the year. 



These microbes have adapted to thrive under both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor conditions, ensuring their survival in the dynamic Amazonian ecosystem.



However, as climate change alters rainfall patterns and human activities increase disturbances, the balance maintained by these microbes is at risk. 



Tracking shifts in temperature, precipitation, and ecosystem dynamics will be essential for predicting the future impact of microbial activity on climate stability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-forward-for-conservation">Path forward for conservation</h2>



As scientists uncover the microbial universe of Amazonian peatlands, they highlight the urgent need for conservation efforts. Protecting these ecosystems requires&nbsp;a combination of research, sustainable land management, and local engagement&nbsp;to ensure their long-term stability. 



The study demonstrates that the smallest organisms can have an outsized impact on global systems. When it comes to conservation, we must consider not only visible landscapes but also the microscopic life forms that sustain them.



This research, supported by the&nbsp;National Science Foundation, represents a significant step forward in understanding the crucial role of tropical peatlands in the global carbon cycle. As climate change continues to reshape our planet, the hidden ecosystems of the Amazon may hold key lessons for mitigating future environmental challenges.



Cadillo-Quiroz and his team plan to apply their findings to&nbsp;tropical peatland restoration. By deepening our understanding of microbial processes, they hope to develop strategies that enhance carbon sequestration and protect these vulnerable ecosystems from further degradation.



“Working to understand microbes and ecosystems in the lush and magnificent Amazon rainforest is the honor of my life, which I aim to use in the protection of this region in the fight against climate change,” said Cadillo-Quiroz.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/spectrum.00387-24" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microbiology Spectrum</a>.



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Tiny microbes in Amazon peatlands help balance the global climate

Complex organisms, thousands of times smaller than a grain of...

Artificial intelligence (AI) experts are abuzz about a new multimodal generative language model that may change how we think about proteins. 



Scientists have spent years searching for better ways to predict and design these tiny building blocks of life.



Yet, progress always felt like tiptoeing around a vast ocean. Now, a tool known as ESM3 has arrived. It is generating a fresh wave of excitement for anyone interested in uncovering uncharted protein varieties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-esm3-and-protein-science">ESM3 and protein science</h2>



<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads0018" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESM3</a> can learn from protein sequences, structural information, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-life-begins-egg-sperm-and-a-covert-team-of-proteins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">functional annotations</a> at the same time, which broadens what it can “understand.” Previous models mostly looked at sequences alone.



This more robust approach gave the <a href="https://github.com/evolutionaryscale/esm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">developers</a> a chance to encode intricate biological knowledge in a single model with an impressive 98 billion parameters. 



Thomas Hayes from <a href="https://forge.evolutionaryscale.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EvolutionaryScale Forge</a> and colleagues used this model to produce a fluorescent protein with a genetic sequence that is far removed from anything seen before.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leaping-through-time">Leaping through time</h2>



“We found a bright fluorescent protein at a far distance (58% sequence identity) from known fluorescent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/futuristic-food-supply-transforming-co2-into-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">proteins</a>, which we estimate is equivalent to simulating five hundred million years of evolution,” said Thomas Hayes, who led the study.



This method explores sequence space far beyond the scope of typical lab experiments. While labs traditionally direct mutations step by step, ESM3 can jump to regions of protein space that look like they arose eons ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-analyzing-billions-of-proteins">AI analyzing billions of proteins</h2>



The training <a href="https://www.fpbase.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data</a> for ESM3 is unusually large. Its developers compiled 771 billion unique tokens from around 3.15 billion protein sequences, 236 million three-dimensional structures, and 539 million annotated functions.



This variety helps the model see patterns that might otherwise remain hidden. It also offers a view of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/junk-proteins-responsible-for-aging-cause-als/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">different proteins</a> fit together and carry out biological tasks.



This depth of insight has led to speculation that ESM3 may help us fill gaps in our knowledge of how proteins fold and what structural elements matter most.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-fluorescent-proteins-matter">Why fluorescent proteins matter</h2>



Fluorescent proteins light up under specific conditions, making them indispensable in microscopy and related imaging. They help scientists see inside cells and observe processes that used to be invisible.



Many labs rely on natural fluorescent proteins, often modified through traditional protein engineering. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chatgpts-carbon-footprint-is-astronomical-and-not-sustainable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI-driven methods</a> like ESM3 may speed up that work, offering faster alternatives for researchers who want to customize these proteins or discover entirely new ones.



Some investigators <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35348602/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predict</a> that such AI tools will be a boon for projects in which large, complex data sets are needed for rational protein design.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-designed-proteins-and-health">AI-designed proteins and health</h2>



The same reasoning that leads ESM3 to create an unexpected fluorescent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-genetic-mutation-has-given-rise-to-a-new-blood-group-mal-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protein</a> can apply elsewhere. AI models can suggest ways to make enzymes more stable in challenging environments or build proteins that capture and break down pollutants.



Drugs might also be developed more quickly by zeroing in on promising protein targets. In many cases, success hinges on spotting crucial patterns across countless variations.



That is where a wide-training model like ESM3 stands out. Researchers say it is poised to <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar960017f" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">support</a> innovation in medicine and environmental technology.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-esm3-ai-new-way-to-program-proteins">ESM3 AI: New way to program proteins</h2>



ESM3’s release in public beta means any curious scientist can start to experiment with an API. There is also a browser-based interface that invites users to explore protein options without diving into code.



This broader access may spark unexpected collaborations. People working on renewable energy, biomedical devices, or synthetic biology might all find themselves using this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cracking-the-code-of-life-the-secret-language-of-dna/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI to craft proteins</a> that were never seen in nature.



Despite the excitement, experts remind us that real-world protein applications need careful validation. AI models like ESM3 may propose structures that look good on paper but require detailed lab checks.



Still, many researchers argue that these tools will save time and money, fueling experiments that push beyond the usual boundaries of what proteins can do. The high capacity of ESM3 and similar models suggests that this field will keep growing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



ESM3’s method of handling sequence, structure, and function as a unified puzzle has opened doors that were locked by the limitations of older technology. This is more than a clever trick.



It hints at future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-is-the-next-frontier-in-cancer-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI-driven pipelines</a> where scientists quickly generate ideas for new proteins and test them with robotic labs. The approach points to a time when evolving proteins by design is as natural as editing text on a screen.



It may be a sign that we have only scratched the surface of what AI can accomplish in biology.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads0018" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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AI model creates new protein that simulates 500 million years of biological evolution

Artificial intelligence (AI) experts are abuzz about a new multimodal...

If you're already struggling with your 2025 resolutions, here's some reassuring news: it's not you, it's science. New research from the University of South Australia (UniSA) suggests that forming a healthy habit takes longer than most people expect.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-debunking-the-21-day-habit-myth">Debunking the 21-day habit myth</h2>



For years, a popular belief suggested that it only takes 21 days to form a habit. This idea has been widely circulated in self-help books and social media. 



However, <a href="https://www.unisa.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UniSA</a> researchers have now challenged this notion with a systematic review that is the first of its kind. The study shows that while new habits can begin forming within two months (typically between 59 and 66 days), they can take up to 335 days to become fully established.



Dr. Ben Singh, a researcher at UniSA, explained that adopting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-healthy-habits-can-reverse-your-biological-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy habits</a> is a long and often difficult process. He stresses that the idea of forming a habit in just three weeks is not supported by scientific evidence.



“At the beginning of the year, many of us are setting goals and making plans for the months ahead - things like being more active, cutting back on sugar, or making healthier food choices - but while common wisdom suggests that it takes just 21 days to form such habits, these claims are not evidence-based,” noted Dr. Singh.



He emphasizes that habit formation is highly variable and can take anywhere from four days to nearly a year, depending on several factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-forming-healthy-habits-matters">Why forming healthy habits matters</h2>



Chronic diseases remain one of the biggest health challenges in the world. Conditions such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, lung diseases, and stroke contribute to a significant portion of the country’s disease burden.



Fortunately, many of these illnesses can be prevented by making <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/happiness-influences-online-shopping-habits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle changes</a>, such as improving diet, increasing physical activity, and quitting smoking.



Understanding how long it takes to form a new habit is crucial for designing effective health interventions. 



If people realize that habit formation is a long-term process rather than a quick fix, they may be less likely to abandon their efforts prematurely. This research can also help guide public health campaigns and individual strategies aimed at encouraging long-term behavior change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-influencing-habit-formation">Factors influencing habit formation</h2>



The UniSA study, which examined over 2,600 participants, found that certain factors influence how successfully a new habit is formed. One of the most important elements is consistency. The more frequently a person engages in a new behavior, the more likely it is to become a habit.



Timing also plays a role. Dr. Singh notes that habits incorporated into morning routines are more likely to stick. The reason behind this is that morning routines tend to be more stable and predictable compared to other times of the day. 



If a person commits to an activity early in the day, they are less likely to be derailed by unexpected events or fatigue.



Enjoyment is another major factor. People are more likely to sustain a habit if they find it pleasurable or rewarding. For example, someone who enjoys swimming may find it easier to maintain a regular exercise habit than someone who forces themselves to run despite disliking it.



“Planning and intending to complete a new behaviour can also help solidify a new habit, so make sure you continue to make time to include your new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shopping-habits-have-remained-consistent-for-3500-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy habits</a> into your everyday activities,” said Dr. Singh.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-forming-new-habits">Challenges of forming new habits</h2>



Many people give up on their resolutions because they expect immediate results. When they don’t see quick progress, they become discouraged and revert to old habits. This research highlights the importance of patience and persistence in habit formation.



Instead of focusing on short-term changes, individuals should view habit-building as a long-term investment in their health and well-being. If a habit doesn’t feel automatic after a few weeks, that doesn’t mean it’s a failure. It simply means that more time and repetition are needed.



It is also essential to be flexible and adaptable. If one approach doesn’t work, trying a different strategy can help. 



For example, if exercising in the morning feels unsustainable, shifting workouts to lunchtime or evening may be a better fit. The key is to find routines that are both enjoyable and practical.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-public-health-initiatives">Implications for public health initiatives</h2>



While more research is needed, these findings have significant implications for public health initiatives. Governments, healthcare providers, and wellness programs can use this knowledge to design interventions that promote long-term habit formation. 



Instead of promising quick results, they can emphasize the importance of gradual change and sustained effort.



Personalized programs that take individual differences into account can also be more effective. Since habit formation varies from person to person, interventions should be flexible enough to accommodate different lifestyles and preferences. 



By providing support and realistic timelines, these programs can help more people successfully adopt and maintain healthier behaviors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-staying-committed-to-your-goals">Staying committed to your goals</h2>



If you’re still working on your New Year’s resolutions, remember that forming a new habit takes time. Don’t be discouraged if you don’t see immediate results. Focus on consistency, enjoyment, and planning to increase your chances of success.



Dr. Singh’s research serves as a reminder that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/did-the-pandemic-change-our-transportation-habits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habit-building</a> is not about quick fixes but about long-term commitment. Whether you’re trying to eat healthier, exercise more, or break an unhealthy habit, persistence is key. 



The journey to better health is not a sprint - it’s a marathon. Stay the course, and over time, your new habits will become second nature.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/23/2488" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Healthcare</a>.



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Forming healthy habits takes much longer than 21 days

If you're already struggling with your 2025 resolutions, here's some...

Hand,Of,Robot,Touching,On,Big,Data,Network,Connection,,Science

Anyone who thinks booking a commercial flight is the only way to rack up carbon emissions should take a closer look at the monthly output of popular AI chatbots like ChatGPT. 



Recent data indicate that the emissions associated with these tools could raise eyebrows among those who care about shrinking our collective environmental footprint.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-carbon-footprint-of-chatgpt">High carbon footprint of ChatGPT</h2>



According to a study by <a href="https://www.knownhost.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KnownHost</a>, the use of <a href="https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ChatGPT</a> produces more than 260,930 kilograms (573,000 pounds of carbon dioxide (CO2) each month. That figure is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-shocking-reality-of-website-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">linked to high traffic</a> from its more than 164 million monthly users.



Although it emits only 1.59 grams of CO2 per page view, that efficiency is offset by soaring popularity.&nbsp;



The study also points out that ChatGPT’s carbon impact is equivalent to 260 flights from New York City to London in the same timeframe, offering a stark reminder that digital services leave a mark on the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chatgpt-isn-t-the-only-carbon-abuser">ChatGPT isn't the only carbon abuser</h2>



Other AI platforms show less total monthly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-carbon-sinks-are-being-pushed-to-their-limits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a>, but they emit more per individual pageview. Rytr’s output stands at 10.1 grams (0,35 ounces) CO2 per pageview, while Spellbook comes in at 6.5 grams (0.23 ounces) per pageview.



Even though their overall usage is smaller, the carbon cost per interaction is higher than ChatGPT’s. Some might see ChatGPT’s lower rate per pageview as a bright spot, but its heavy traffic means emissions still climb significantly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-data-centers-consume-massive-energy">Data centers consume massive energy</h2>



Data centers host these AI tools and, according to the 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage <a href="https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Report</a> from Berkeley Lab, they consumed more than double the energy in 2023 than they did in 2017.&nbsp;



“Electricity consumption of US data centers is currently growing at an accelerating rate,” stated the authors of the report. These massive facilities keep servers cool and operational around the clock, leading to constant energy draw.



The International Energy Agency’s Electricity 2024 <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2024" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report</a> notes that newer technologies - like advanced AI and cryptocurrency - could double energy use by next year. One-third of that rise is expected to be traced back to data centers.



This trend reveals how widespread digital services can become major contributors to global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-accelerating-beyond-control-as-co2-levels-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy consumption</a>.



“As innovation continues into 2025, balancing environmental sustainability will need to become a core focus for tech companies and the users of their tools alike,” said Daniel Pearson, CEO of KnownHost. The statement suggests a need for shared responsibility.



Developers can shift toward greener solutions, and users may opt for options that cut power use.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-governments-push-for-greener-ai">Governments push for greener AI</h2>



The Biden administration has responded with an executive order that addresses the future of AI and data centers. It urges the transition to cleaner power, given that a third of the world’s data centers are in the United States.



The announcement coincides with news of the <a href="https://openai.com/index/announcing-the-stargate-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stargate AI project</a>, a $500 billion data center initiative led by OpenAI in partnership with Oracle and SoftBank, which President Trump described as “a resounding declaration of confidence in America’s potential.” 



However, the project has sparked a feud between Elon Musk, a Trump advisor, and OpenAI CEO Sam Altman over the transparency and feasibility of the investment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cutting-ai-carbon-emissions">Cutting AI carbon emissions</h2>



Some AI tools already push down their energy load by optimizing code and trimming unnecessary processes. Meanwhile, data centers explore better cooling methods, such as liquid cooling and more efficient airflow designs, to cut overall energy consumption.



Renewables like solar or wind power also help lower fossil fuel reliance. Tech companies that concentrate on reducing emissions in hardware and software may find themselves at a competitive advantage, especially as the public eye shifts to climate impact.



AI applications are here to stay, and so is the energy they consume. While ChatGPT’s popularity puts it in the spotlight, other AI tools also contribute to rising energy demands.



Striking a balance between progress and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainability</a> will require a combined effort from developers, policymakers, and everyday users. Improving efficiency not only benefits the planet but also ensures that these digital services stay reliable.



The study was published by <a href="https://www.knownhost.com/blog/carbon-footprint-of-ai-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KnownHost</a>.



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ChatGPT's carbon footprint is astronomical and not sustainable

Anyone who thinks booking a commercial flight is the only...

Biodiversity is at the heart of our planet's resilience, yet as the world grapples with climate change and seeks effective strategies to reduce carbon emissions, the journey toward environmental sustainability proves to be more complex than it seems. 



While planting forests and harnessing biofuels are key elements of this global remediation effort, a new study suggests that these well-intentioned actions may come with unintended consequences for the very ecosystems they aim to protect.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-mitigation-versus-biodiversity-loss">Climate mitigation versus biodiversity loss</h2>



The delicate balance between mitigating climate change and preserving biodiversity demands a more nuanced approach to ensure long-term ecological harmony.



The research was conducted by an international team of experts, including Evelyn Beaury, assistant cursor at the New York Botanical Garden (<a href="https://www.nybg.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYBG</a>).



In their report, the researchers present compelling data on the potential impact of large-scale, plant-based strategies, or land-based mitigation strategies (LBMS).



"As efforts to address <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cities-are-largely-unprepared-for-the-effects-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> accelerate, it is urgent to ensure that in deploying LBMS we do not inadvertently imperil biodiversity," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-effects-of-climate-mitigation-strategies">Complex effects of climate mitigation strategies</h2>



Plant-based strategies have become a staple in numerous net-zero emissions plans, spanning millions of acres across the globe. Common strategies include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/success-story-reforestation-has-helped-keep-the-eastern-us-relatively-cool/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reforestation</a>, afforestation, and bioenergy cropping.



While the potential of these strategies in combating climate change is undeniable, their effects on biodiversity have been complex, multi-faceted, and hard to predict. This latest research represents a breakthrough in the understanding of these impacts.



Led by a team from Princeton University's <a href="https://environment.princeton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">High Meadows Environmental Institute</a>, the study has unraveled the potential biodiversity implications of land-based climate change mitigation efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unanticipated-impacts-on-animal-species">Unanticipated impacts on animal species</h2>



The researchers modeled the impacts of the three mitigation strategies on more than 14,000 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-highlights-urgent-need-to-protect-migratory-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal species</a> globally. The species ranged in size from animals smaller than a mouse to those larger than a moose.



The findings highlight the complexities and potential pitfalls in using plant-based mitigation strategies to meet climate targets.



"Plant-based mitigation strategies do not have the same effect on the climate or on biodiversity everywhere they are deployed. Our research suggests that we cannot assume plant-based solutions always indirectly reduce the biodiversity crisis," noted Dr. Beaury.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-challenges-in-climate-efforts">Biodiversity challenges in climate efforts</h2>



While reforestation has proven to be a beneficial strategy that enhances local habitats and contributes to climate mitigation, the study’s findings on afforestation and bioenergy cropping paint a more concerning picture.



Transforming natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-the-scariest-predators-in-the-african-savannah/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">savannahs</a> and grasslands into forests, as well as replacing biodiverse meadows with bioenergy crops, may offer climate benefits but come at a significant cost. 



The researchers found that these efforts lead to immediate habitat loss - negatively impacting a wide range of species from grouse to elk, and even iconic species like ostriches and lions.



The study revealed that the loss of habitat from afforestation and bioenergy plantations would far outweigh their potential contribution to mitigating climate change.



"Reforestation is an obvious ‘win-win’ for biodiversity," said Dr. Beaury, an ecologist and biogeographer specializing in invasive plants. "Restoring lost forests provides habitat while also reducing the impacts of climate change."



This pivotal study offers critical insights that can guide policymakers, conservationists, and the global community in making informed decisions. 



As efforts to create a greener planet accelerate, it becomes evident that these initiatives must be carefully balanced to preserve the richness and diversity of our natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-striking-a-balance-for-the-future">Striking a balance for the future</h2>



The findings of this study highlight the urgent need for a balanced approach to climate mitigation - one that integrates both climate action and biodiversity conservation.



Policymakers and conservationists must work together and design strategies, taking into consideration ecological complexities so that unintended consequences are avoided.



Adaptive land management, regional assessments, and stakeholder engagement could be critical elements in ensuring that mitigation efforts lead to long-term sustainability without threatening <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/springs-are-crucial-habitats-that-are-overlooked-in-conservation-efforts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">critical habitats</a>.



This calls for a holistic approach that recognizes the connectivity of ecosystem and climate solutions.



In other words, by emphasizing the combination of restoration strategies that are tailored to specific landscapes and ecological needs, humans can achieve climate targets while protecting the intricate web of life that sustains the planet.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm9485" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Climate mitigation strategies may be endangering biodiversity

Biodiversity is at the heart of our planet's resilience, yet...

Making regular trips to the doctor for a checkup seems tedious and unnecessary to many people. However, for both men and women, doing so can mean the difference between catching health issues early or facing them when they have grown worse. 



Many people keep an eye on their diet and activity, but they forget the power of routine visits to the doctor. This oversight often sets the stage for surprises that could have been prevented with simple testing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aging-and-daily-habits">Aging and daily habits</h2>



With the passage of time, the human body requires a bit more attention. The years after 50 often bring changes, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-health-after-menopause-what-every-woman-should-know/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">menopause for women</a>. 



Shifts in hormones can trigger hot flashes, changes in blood pressure, and varied effects on emotional well-being. 



Maintaining a balanced diet, practicing physical activity, and making time for good rest all help. Yet one habit deserves extra focus: visiting a medical professional on a regular basis. This advice can help spot potential health concerns in the early stages.



<a href="https://www.sjpp.org/find-a-doctor/sheryl-ross-md/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Sherry Ross</a>, a gynecologist and obstetrician at <a href="https://www.providence.org/locations/socal/saint-johns-health-center" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Providence Saint John’s Health Center</a> in Santa Monica, California, believes that adults should not give up on their wellness goals due to genetics or the passage of time. 



She points out that personal choices around exercise, healthy food, rest, and handling stress either strengthen the body or place extra burdens on it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-health-checkups-for-women-over-50">Key health checkups for women over 50</h2>



Healthcare providers encourage yearly visits that include <a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/mammogram-procedure" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammograms</a>, pelvic exams, and general tests that match a patient’s risk factors.&nbsp;



“Women over 50 should continue to visit their doctor every year for general health check-ups and tests,” said Dr. Ross. These visits can catch illnesses that sometimes show no obvious symptoms.



Different guidelines call for mammograms every 2 years for women who are between the ages of 50 and 74, and who are at average risk of developing breast cancer, based on recommendations from the <a href="https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Preventive Services Task Force</a>.



Early detection can save lives by pinpointing concerns when therapies work more easily. Some people choose more frequent checkups depending on family history or a doctor’s judgment.&nbsp;



One <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/mammograms/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (<a href="https://www.cdc.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDC</a>) showed that 1 in 4 women aged 50 to 74 had skipped mammograms in the past 2 years. 



Women who live with tight budgets or limited transportation often face more challenges getting these tests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barriers-and-trends-in-screenings">Barriers and trends in screenings</h2>



Some <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/how-common-is-breast-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">statistics</a> show that breast cancer causes more than 40,000 deaths in women each year in the United States.&nbsp;



Experts note that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-read-and-diagnose-mammograms-just-as-well-as-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">screening mammograms</a> lower the chance of dying from breast cancer by about 22%. 



In spite of this, people with lower incomes, inadequate insurance, or reduced access to community health services may avoid the test because of cost or inconvenience. 



Others experience job-related hurdles, social isolation, or general unease about the medical system. These factors add up, making it less likely that some women will stay on top of annual or biennial testing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-consistent-reminders">Importance of consistent reminders</h2>



Making a schedule for appointments with a doctor can ward off confusion. Dr. Ross emphasizes the idea of marking these visits around a memorable date, such as a birthday, to create a habit. 



She suggests that being consistent with annual exams leads to a pattern of giving personal health as much priority as other tasks. 



A practical step is to keep a calendar with test dates highlighted or set phone alerts as soon as an appointment is made. 



A folder or computer file for lab results and doctors' notes makes it easier to track subtle changes in blood work or risk factors across time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-knowing-your-health-history">Knowing your health history</h2>



“Knowing your family history of diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, or breast and ovarian cancer will enable you to request all the necessary medical tests to stay healthy,” said Dr. Ross.



A quick chat with relatives can reveal whether close family members faced early heart disease or had specific genetic risks. Keeping a personal record can spark conversations with professionals, who can then tailor care plans. Carrying a list of questions to each visit helps patients feel more confident about their decisions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mammograms-and-women-s-health">Mammograms and women's health</h2>



Medical visits for menopause sometimes focus on well-known symptoms like hot flashes, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/energy-drinks-linked-to-insomnia-among-college-students/">insomnia</a>, or bone health. 



But Dr. Ross says that these checkups should also include sexual wellness and emotional balance. She encourages women to view these parts of life as interconnected with overall health, not as unspoken afterthoughts. 



A trusted doctor can help people find comfort, reduce confusion, and figure out solutions that improve day-to-day living.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-every-little-step-counts">Every little step counts</h2>



Years ago, standard advice might have stopped at “<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-or-exercise-a-chemical-in-the-brain-helps-us-decide/">eat right and exercise</a>.” Today, there is more knowledge on how preventive testing keeps big problems from appearing out of nowhere.&nbsp;



The key is not letting financial or transportation difficulties stand in the way. Many local health departments and social service groups collaborate to offer support. 



Some organizations even provide free rides to mammogram centers. Others help find low-cost exams for women who meet certain eligibility criteria. 



Taking advantage of these programs can knock down obstacles and raise the chance of finding problems at an early stage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-keeping-track-of-vital-screening-tests">Keeping track of vital screening tests</h2>



Life can be busy, and juggling day-to-day tasks is a real challenge. But each annual exam offers a chance to reevaluate health goals.&nbsp;



Keeping track of lab reports from previous years helps spot concerns before they snowball. Investing in folders or mobile apps is a small effort in the light of the relief of knowing that important health documents are all in one place. 



A strong sense of organization takes the stress out of visits, and enables a smoother conversation with healthcare providers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-women-s-health-and-better-habits">Women's health and better habits</h2>



Women who pay attention to checkups are often rewarded with fewer surprises later. This pattern extends to every part of life.&nbsp;



From diet to stress management, consistent medical guidance can fit into a daily routine. The idea is not to fear aging but to accept it as a phase that deserves care and caution.



Information for this article was published by the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/mammograms/index.html">CDC</a>.



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Health care providers encourage these key medical tests for women over 50

Making regular trips to the doctor for a checkup seems...

Across cosmic history, powerful forces have shaped matter into the intricate structures that define the universe. From the earliest moments after the Big Bang to the present-day cosmic web, the distribution of galaxies, clusters, and filaments has evolved in ways largely consistent with Einstein’s theory of gravity. 



However, new research suggests that the universe's large-scale structure has developed in an unexpected way - becoming "messier and more complicated" over time.



Led by Joshua Kim and Mathew Madhavacheril from the University of Pennsylvania, along with collaborators from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the study reveals that the distribution of matter in the cosmos is less clumpy than expected.



The findings add a new layer of complexity to our understanding of how the universe has grown over the past 13.8 billion years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-cosmic-history">Studying cosmic history</h2>



To probe the structure of the universe across time, the research team combined two powerful datasets: the final data release from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (<a href="https://act.princeton.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACT</a>) and the first-year results from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (<a href="https://www.desi.lbl.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DESI</a>). 



By merging these complementary sources, they created a unique, multidimensional view of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mapping-the-universe-may-reveal-secrets-of-dark-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic evolution</a>.



“Our work cross-correlated two types of datasets from complementary, but very distinct, surveys. What we found was that, for the most part, the story of structure formation is remarkably consistent with the predictions from Einstein's gravity,” explained Madhavacheril.



“We did see a hint for a small discrepancy in the amount of expected clumpiness in recent epochs, around four billion years ago, which could be interesting to pursue.”



By integrating these two sources of data, the team effectively layered snapshots of the universe taken at different epochs, much like stacking transparencies of ancient cosmic photographs over more recent ones. 



This method allowed them to observe changes in the distribution of matter over billions of years, revealing surprising new details about the way <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-dark-matter-does-not-exist-and-the-universe-is-27-billion-years-old/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic structures</a> have formed and evolved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-picture-of-the-universe-in-its-infancy">A picture of the universe in its infancy </h2>



One of the key components of this research relies on ACT’s data, which provides a glimpse into the early universe through a faint remnant of the Big Bang known as the Cosmic Microwave Background (<a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Cosmic_Microwave_Background_CMB_radiation#:~:text=The%20Cosmic%20Microwave%20Background%20(CMB,shockwave'%20of%20the%20Big%20Bang." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMB</a>). 



This radiation, which has been traveling through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dead-stars-reveal-the-hidden-physics-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space</a> for nearly 14 billion years, offers an unparalleled view of the universe when it was just 380,000 years old.



“ACT, covering approximately 23% of the sky, paints a picture of the universe's infancy by using a distant, faint light that's been traveling since the Big Bang,” said Kim.



“Formally, this light is called the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), but we sometimes just call it the universe's baby picture because it's a snapshot of when it was around 380,000 years old.”



The journey of this ancient light has not been a straight one. As it traveled through space, the CMB was distorted by the gravitational pull of massive cosmic structures such as galaxy clusters. 



This phenomenon, known as gravitational lensing, alters the path of the CMB photons in much the same way that a pair of spectacles distorts the view of an image. 



By analyzing these distortions, cosmologists can infer valuable information about the large-scale structure of the universe, including how matter is distributed across cosmic time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-the-universe-s-structure-with-galaxies">Tracing the universe's structure with galaxies</h2>



While ACT provides insight into the early universe, DESI offers a more recent perspective by mapping the three-dimensional distribution of galaxies across vast stretches of space. 



Located at the <a href="https://kpno.noirlab.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kitt Peak National Observatory</a> in Arizona and operated by <a href="https://www.lbl.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a>, DESI is specifically designed to study the arrangement of luminous red galaxies (LRGs), which serve as cosmic landmarks.



“The LRGs from DESI are like a more recent picture of the universe, showing us how galaxies are distributed at varying distances. It’s a powerful way to see how structures have evolved from the CMB map to where galaxies stand today,” explained Kim.



By mapping the positions of millions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unknown-factors-are-accelerating-the-expansion-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>, DESI provides a precise record of how matter has spread out over the past several billion years.



When combined with the lensing data from ACT, this creates an unprecedented overlap between early and late-universe observations, allowing researchers to directly compare how structures have changed over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-ct-scan-of-the-universe">Cosmic CT scan of the universe</h2>



One of the most exciting aspects of this research is its ability to function like a&nbsp;cosmic CT scan, providing a layered view of the universe’s structure at different points in time. 



By examining the way matter has clumped together across cosmic history, the team was able to track the influence of gravity over billions of years.



“This process is like a cosmic CT scan, where we can look through different slices of cosmic history and track how matter clumped together at different epochs. It gives us a direct look into how the gravitational influence of matter changed over billions of years,” said Madhavacheril.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clumpiness-of-the-universe-s-structure">Clumpiness of the universe's structure</h2>



Despite overall agreement with established models, the researchers identified a small but notable discrepancy. The expected level of clumpiness, a measure of how matter is distributed in the universe, appears to be slightly lower than predicted in the later epochs of cosmic history.



This discrepancy is captured by a key metric known as&nbsp;Sigma 8 (σ8), which quantifies the amplitude of matter density fluctuations. A lower-than-expected value of σ8 suggests that cosmic structures may not have formed in complete accordance with early-universe predictions.



“This slight disagreement with expectations isn’t strong enough to suggest new physics conclusively - it’s still possible that this deviation is purely by chance,” said Kim.



However, if this deviation turns out to be real and not a statistical anomaly, it could point to unknown physical processes influencing the way <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-could-explain-the-rapid-expansion-of-the-early-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic structures</a> form and evolve. 



One leading hypothesis is that&nbsp;dark energy, the mysterious force responsible for the accelerating expansion of the universe, may be affecting structure formation in ways that current models do not fully capture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-toward-the-future">Looking toward the future</h2>



While this research from the <a href="https://www.upenn.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Pennsylvania</a> raises new questions about cosmic evolution, upcoming projects promise to refine these measurements with even greater precision. 



The&nbsp;<a href="https://simonsobservatory.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Simons Observatory</a>, a next-generation telescope currently under development, will provide more detailed observations of the CMB and its lensing effects, helping scientists determine whether the observed discrepancy is real or simply a fluctuation within expected parameters.



By combining increasingly powerful observational tools with sophisticated theoretical models, researchers hope to gain a deeper understanding of how the universe’s large-scale structure has developed over billions of years. 



Whether this study ultimately confirms existing models or points toward new physics, it represents an important step toward unraveling the mysteries of the cosmos.



As scientists continue to push the boundaries of our understanding, one thing remains clear - the story of the universe’s evolution is far from over. Each new discovery brings us closer to answering some of the biggest questions in cosmology, revealing the intricate and ever-changing nature of the cosmos.



The study is published in the&nbsp;<a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1475-7516/2024/12/022" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (JCAP)</a>&nbsp;and on the preprint server&nbsp;<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.04607" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arXiv</a>.



Image Credit: Unsplash/CC0 Public Domain



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Powerful forces have made the structure of the universe very "messy"

Across cosmic history, powerful forces have shaped matter into the...

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