A new study from <a href="https://www.osu.edu/">Ohio State University</a> reveals what is going on inside of your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-brain-interactions-have-an-influence-on-diseases/">brain</a> when you get lost in a fictional fantasy. The experts discovered that the more immersed we become in the lives of our favorite characters of fiction, the more our brain activity reflects how much we identify with them.
&#8220;When they think about a favorite fictional character, it appears similar in one part of the brain as when they are thinking about themselves,&#8221; said study lead author Timothy Broom.
The research was focused on self-described fans of the HBO series &#8220;Game of Thrones.&#8221; The individuals were instructed to think about themselves, nine of their friends, and nine characters from the drama series. The participants also reported on which character they felt closest to and liked the most.
According to Broom, Game of Thrones was ideal for this study because it attracted a devoted fan base and the large cast presented a variety of characters that people could become attached to.
One of the key findings involved participants who scored highest on &#8220;trait identification.&#8221; These individuals agreed most strongly with statements like &#8220;I really get involved in the feelings of the characters in a novel.&#8221;
&#8220;People who are high in trait identification not only get absorbed into a story, they also are really absorbed into a particular character,&#8221; said Broom. &#8220;They report matching the thoughts of the character, they are thinking what the character is thinking, they are feeling what the character is feeling. They are inhabiting the role of that character.&#8221;
The researchers used an fMRI machine to measure activity in various parts of the brain through small changes in blood flow. As the participants&#8217; brains were scanned, they were evaluating themselves, their friends, and Game of Thrones characters. 
A part of the brain called the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) is known to show increased activity when people think about themselves and, to a lesser extent, when they think about close friends.
While in the fMRI, the individuals were shown a series of names &#8211; including themselves, friends, or characters &#8211; along with a trait, such as lonely, sad, trustworthy, or smart. The participants simply said &#8220;yes&#8221; or &#8220;no&#8221; to imply whether the trait fit the person.
As expected, the vMPFC was most active when people were evaluating themselves, less active when they evaluated friends, and least active when they evaluated characters from Game of Thrones.
However, among those who were high in trait identification, the vMPFC was more active when they thought about the fictional characters than it was for participants who identified less with the characters. This region of the brain was particularly active when the individuals evaluated the character they identified with the most.
Study co-author Dylan Wanger said the findings help explain how fiction can have such a big impact on some people.
&#8220;For some people, fiction is a chance to take on new identities, to see worlds though others&#8217; eyes and return from those experiences changed,&#8221; said Wagner.
&#8220;What previous studies have found is that when people experience stories as if they were one of the characters, a connection is made with that character, and the character becomes intwined with the self. In our study, we see evidence of that in their brains.&#8221;
The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/scan">Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience</a>.
&#8211;&#8212;
By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

What happens in your brain while you're lost in fiction

Mars and its tantalizing mysteries have spurred many space missions, each one revealing something new and compelling. NASA's Perseverance rover has been a prolific source of remarkable discoveries surrounding Mars and its moons, Phobos and Deimos. 



One such spectacle happened on September 30, 2024. From its unique vantage point, Perseverance captured Phobos <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Sun_Phobos-moon_transit_Perseverance-rover-photo_2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sliding right in front of the Sun</a>.



"From its perch on the western wall of Mars’ Jezero Crater, NASA’s Perseverance rover recently spied a 'googly eye' peering down from space. The pupil in this celestial gaze is the Martian moon Phobos, and the iris is our Sun," said <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-perseverance-captures-googly-eye-during-solar-eclipse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phobos-eclipses-the-sun">Phobos eclipses the Sun</h2>



Phobos is a rather unassuming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-perseverance-rover-now-uses-ai-search-minerals-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">celestial body</a> when you consider the company it keeps -- sharing Mars' orbit with its twin moon, Deimos. These two moons are the least massive in the solar system.



Despite its size, Phobos has a rather significant role. It casts its shadow right across the Martian surface as it orbits the planet. 



This happens because Phobos orbits exceptionally close to Mars -- closer than any moon to its parent planet in our solar system. 



This close proximity results in swift orbits, each complete revolution around Mars taking merely 7.6 hours.



And it was during one of these quick orbits that <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-2020-perseverance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseverance</a> caught the eclipse as Phobos transited across the Sun.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="dDkrA9ZzPX-3971698-12187" type="single"]</div>



Perseverance, equipped with its Mastcam-Z, documented the Martian landscape in detail and captured the fleeting yet awe-inspiring event of Phobos crossing the Sun. 



Despite its small size, the moon partially obscured our star, creating an impactful and mesmerizing visual effect. 



But, rather than just a beautiful cosmic spectacle, it allowed scientists a unique opportunity to explore deeper into the workings of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perseverance-rover-finds-best-evidence-yet-life-on-mars-cheyava-falls-rock/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian system</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interactions-between-a-planet-and-its-moon">Interactions between a planet and its moon</h2>



By capturing spectacular visuals like the Phobos transit, Perseverance holds significant scientific value.



By observing these occurrences over time and comparing images and videos of earlier Phobos transits, scientists can get a better understanding of the moon's evolving orbit. 



The experts discovered that Phobos is gradually moving closer to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perseverance-rover-samples-bunsen-peak-rock-jezero-crater-martian-lake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>. In about 50 million years, it is expected either to collide into Mars or disintegrate.



Studying these developments helps scientists comprehend the long-term gravitational interactions between a planet and its moon, contributing to our understanding of planetary evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perseverance-rover-mission">Perseverance rover mission</h2>



The Perseverance mission goes beyond observing mesmerizing eclipses. The rover's primary objective is astrobiology, actively searching for signs of ancient microbial life on Mars. 



It studies Mars' geology and climate. The rover analyzes Martian rock formations, serving as a crucial link in understanding Mars's past when the planet's conditions could have been suitable for life.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/sun_phobos-moon_transit_perseverance-rover-photo_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Sun_Phobos-moon_transit_Perseverance-rover-photo_1s.webp" alt="NASA's Perseverance Mars rover used its Mastcam-Z camera to capture the silhouette of Phobos, one of the two Martian moons, as it passed in front of the Sun on Feb. 8, 2024, the 1,056th Martian day, or sol, of the mission. This is one of several transits of Phobos that NASA's Mars rovers have captured. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1949097"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">NASA's Perseverance Mars rover used its Mastcam-Z camera to capture the silhouette of Phobos, one of the two Martian moons, as it passed in front of the Sun on Feb. 8, 2024, the 1,056th Martian day, or sol, of the mission. This is one of several transits of Phobos that NASA's Mars rovers have captured. Credit: NASA</figcaption></figure>



But that's not all. Perseverance is also responsible for collecting rock and soil samples from the Martian surface for future analysis back on Earth. It's a part of a mission being developed in partnership with the European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>).



Once these materials are transported back home, scientists can perform meticulous laboratory experiments not feasible with the rover's onboard instruments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-imaging-the-sun-s-eclipse-with-phobos">Imaging the Sun's eclipse with Phobos</h2>



The Mastcam-Z on Perseverance was instrumental in capturing the stunning image of Phobos crossing the Sun.



This advanced imaging system was developed collectively by <a href="https://www.asu.edu/">Arizona State Uni</a><a href="https://www.asu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">v</a><a href="https://www.asu.edu/">ersity</a>, <a href="https://www.msss.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Malin Space Science Systems</a>, and the <a href="https://nbi.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Niels Bohr Institute</a>.



The camera holds a vital position in making space exploration relatable by capturing visually captivating events that inspire public engagement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nasa-s-vision-moon-to-mars">NASA's vision: Moon to Mars</h2>



The Perseverance mission forms a part of NASA's broader exploration strategy, "Moon to Mars."



The rover is not merely bound by scientific objectives but is also laying the groundwork for future space travel. 



Perseverance tests out new technology that could be beneficial for future astronauts, such as systems that could generate oxygen from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perseverance-rover-begins-steep-climb-up-martian-crater-rim-jezero-crater/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> atmosphere.



The footage of the Martian moon as it eclipses the Sun is a reminder of the vastness and the wonders of space exploration. 



As Perseverance reveals the secrets of Mars, it helps us learn about our universe and brings us closer to visiting the Red Planet.



Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Mars' moon Phobos captured eclipsing the Sun from the Martian surface by Perseverance rover

Mars and its tantalizing mysteries have spurred many space missions,...

Marine heatwaves are posing a new threat to the ocean’s delicate balance, affecting even its tiniest yet most vital inhabitants - phytoplankton.



These microscopic algae provide food for countless marine species and play a crucial role in regulating our planet’s climate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-heroes-of-the-ocean">Phytoplankton: Heroes of the ocean</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-heatwaves-have-complex-effects-on-phytoplankton-food-web/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Phytoplankton</a> are the unsung heroes of our oceans, working behind the scenes to keep marine ecosystems thriving. 



Though invisible to the naked eye, these microscopic algae are constantly at work, producing organic carbon through photosynthesis and supporting nearly every level of the marine food web. 



They also play a vital role in the ocean's carbon cycle, contributing significantly to the regulation of Earth’s climate.



Spring has traditionally been their peak season. As winter fades, nutrient-rich waters from the ocean’s depths rise to the surface, sparking an explosion of growth known as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-from-africa-sparked-a-massive-phytoplankton-bloom/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton bloom</a>. 



But now, a recent study suggests that these essential phytoplankton blooms are facing serious and potentially long-lasting threats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-heatwaves-disrupt-spring-blooms">Marine heatwaves disrupt spring blooms</h2>



The study was conducted by experts at the <a href="https://www.ricercamarina.cnr.it/en/ismar.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Marine Sciences of the National Research Council of Italy</a> (CNR-ISMAR) as part of ESA’s CAREHeat project.



The researchers examined phytoplankton blooms in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. They found that marine heatwaves, periods of prolonged unusually warm seawater, have been disrupting the timing and intensity of these essential spring phytoplankton blooms.



Winter marine heatwaves are particularly menacing as they intensify the stratification of ocean water. In other words, they prevent nutrients from the deep-sea layers from mixing with surface waters.



The warmer water can lead to a significant reduction in the phytoplankton's carbon biomass - up to 70% during the spring bloom. This drastic reduction means there are fewer nutrients available, leading to a change in the balance of the marine food web.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ripple-effects-across-the-food-chain">Ripple effects across the food chain</h2>



"We observed that intense winter marine heatwaves delay the timing of phytoplankton blooms. This shift causes a mismatch in the availability of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zooplankton-are-rapidly-escalating-the-threat-of-nanoplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zooplankton</a>, which rely on these blooms for food, potentially affecting fish and other marine species that depend on zooplankton," explained study co-author Emanuele Organelli.



Moreover, severe marine heatwaves can also impact an ecosystem's ability to sequester carbon, which is crucial for global climate regulation. 



If these disruptions continue, the balance of marine biodiversity could be thrown off, impacting both local habitats and global processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-marine-heatwaves-and-ocean-health">Tracking marine heatwaves and ocean health</h2>



To better understand and address this growing problem, the researchers turned to technology. They used sea surface temperature data from ESA’s Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) and various satellite platforms, like the Copernicus Sentinel-3’s Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer.



This allowed the experts to track and categorize heatwave events in the Mediterranean from 2012 to 2022.



"Ongoing satellite monitoring by ESA is crucial for tracking and addressing these growing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-heatwaves-escalate-coral-bleaching-threats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">threats</a> to marine biodiversity," said ESA scientist Marie-Helene Rio.



"The increasing frequency of marine heatwaves may further compromise vital ocean services, such as fisheries and the ocean’s ability to sequester carbon – processes that are key to both marine ecosystems and global climate stability.”



These tiny marine allies need our help, and monitoring of marine heatwaves could be our first step towards preventing a potentially catastrophic ripple effect through marine ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-marine-ecosystems">Implications for marine ecosystems</h2>



Marine heatwaves don’t just affect phytoplankton - they disrupt entire ocean ecosystems. 



As these tiny algae struggle to bloom, animals higher up in the food chain, like fish, seabirds, and even marine mammals, may find less food. The food shortage can lead to shifts in where species live and how they interact. 



For coastal communities, this disruption also hits close to home. Many rely on fishing to support their families, and fewer fish could mean a harder life for these communities.



With phytoplankton absorbing less <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-may-flip-plankton-into-carbon-emitters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> due to heatwaves, there’s also a risk that climate change could speed up even more.



By keeping a close eye on marine heatwaves, scientists hope to protect our oceans. Their work will help guide efforts to protect sensitive areas and to develop new strategies to tackle climate change.



Image Credit: Copernicus Sentinel data (2024), processed by ESA



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

How marine heatwaves impact ocean health

Marine heatwaves are posing a new threat to the ocean’s...

The COVID-19 pandemic certainly shook things up, changing our daily routines and lifestyles, including our means of transportation.



With mask mandates and lockdowns, many of us bid farewell to our daily commutes, while countries restricted international travel to curb the virus's spread. 



Four and a half years on, we are learning to coexist with the virus and starting to understand the impact of pandemic-related changes.



A recent study investigated how the pandemic reshaped energy consumption in the transportation sector across Europe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-post-pandemic-shifts-in-transportation">Post-pandemic shifts in transportation </h2>



The study was led by Helena Patiño, a PhD student from the <a href="https://www.uoc.edu/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universitat Oberta de Catalunya</a> (UOC). The research sheds light on the transportation transition during and after the pandemic.



The team examined how changing travel habits have affected energy consumption and emissions.



"Overall, Europeans have reduced car use since the pandemic, but have flown much more frequently," said Patiño. 



"However, trends vary considerably between countries. Some have resumed previous transport patterns, while others have managed to maintain a moderate reduction in transport use."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-sustainable-transportation">The future of sustainable transportation</h2>



Transportation, heavily reliant on nonrenewable energy sources, contributes about 37% of our global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-hidden-carbon-footprint-of-long-distance-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> dioxide (CO2) emissions, the primary greenhouse gas. 



Therefore, altering our travel behavior is critical to global climate strategies, like the European scheme for a 55% reduction in emissions by 2030.



"Achieving lasting changes in people's behavior is not easy," said Patiño. "Governments should support environmentally friendly transport options, such as bicycles and electric cars, and lead campaigns to change behavior, so that sustainable transport is not just an option, but the preferred choice for everyone."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-case-studies-from-different-countries">Case studies from different countries</h2>



Post-lockdown transport habits across Europe have displayed a contrasting recovery. In countries like Austria, Germany, and the United Kingdom, the impact has been less pronounced with only minor shifts in car and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flying-has-never-been-safer-and-continues-to-improve/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plane use</a>.



On the other hand, countries with stricter government regulations such as Greece, Portugal, Italy, and Spain saw a significant surge in travel post-lockdown.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transport-policies-and-behavioral-changes">Transport policies and behavioral changes</h2>



Interestingly, some countries managed to maintain changes brought on by the pandemic. Sweden, Denmark, and the Czech Republic, for instance, saw lasting effects. 



"Sweden already had a relatively high percentage of remote workers before the pandemic, but the number has continued to grow since then. Furthermore, since 2010, the country has been promoting outdoor leisure activities, facilitating access to places of natural beauty and promoting outdoor exercise," noted Patiño. 



"Denmark, in turn, has continued to invest in cycling infrastructure and electric bicycles. A recent survey found that Copenhagen residents are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cycling-could-dramatically-cut-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cycling</a> to work more than before the pandemic."



While it's unlikely a uniform shift towards less travel will occur across Europe, as per Patiño, the experiences of these three countries offer insights into how robust transport and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-countries-are-lagging-behind-in-the-shift-to-green-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy policies</a> can help sustain behavioral changes and reduce CO2 emissions, reshaping the future of mobility.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reinventing-urban-spaces-for-sustainable-transit">Reinventing urban spaces for sustainable transit</h2>



The transformation of travel habits during the pandemic has opened doors to reimagining urban spaces to better support sustainable transit. 



European cities are increasingly prioritizing infrastructure that favors low-carbon transport, such as dedicated cycling lanes, pedestrian-friendly areas, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biden-lays-out-plan-for-electric-vehicle-charging-stations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electric vehicle charging stations</a>. 



Urban planners now have the opportunity to encourage greener modes of transportation by redesigning cities around sustainable travel. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-initiatives-for-sustainable-transportation">Initiatives for sustainable transportation </h2>



Cities like Paris, with its "15-minute city" model, aim to reduce reliance on cars by ensuring that residents can access most of their daily needs within a short walk or bike ride.



These initiatives are critical for a sustainable future as they encourage a shift from car dependency to more environmentally friendly alternatives. 



The success of such urban redesigns can serve as a blueprint for other cities aiming to curb emissions while promoting healthier, more resilient communities. 



With proper policies and infrastructure, Europe could set a global example for post-pandemic mobility that aligns with climate goals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-road-ahead-for-sustainable-mobility">The road ahead for sustainable mobility</h2>



As Europe continues to adapt to new mobility trends, the challenge lies in making these sustainable shifts permanent. 



Policymakers and urban planners are now focused on reinforcing eco-friendly practices, from expanding public transport networks to promoting zero-emission zones in major cities. 



By embracing these changes, Europe has the potential to lead a global movement towards greener, more resilient urban transport systems that meet both environmental and community needs.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421524002246?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Energy Policy</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Did the pandemic change our transportation habits?

The COVID-19 pandemic certainly shook things up, changing our daily...

By now, most of us are well aware of the severe damage inflicted by plastic on our environment. As the United Nations noted, 46% of plastic waste is landfilled, while 22% is mismanaged and becomes litter. 



"Unlike other materials, plastic does not biodegrade. It can take up to 1,000 years to break down, so when it is discarded, it builds up in the environment until it reaches a crisis point," said the UN.



"This pollution chokes marine wildlife, damages soil and poisons groundwater, and can cause serious health impacts."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-plastic-epidemic">The plastic epidemic</h2>



A recent study, funded by paper packaging company <a href="https://www.dssmith.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DS Smith</a>, presents an eye-opening revelation.



The research suggests that over half (51%) of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/9936-chemicals-found-in-plastic-products-used-for-food-packaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">packaging</a> used for grocery items could either be minimized or eliminated altogether in the United Kingdom and most other countries in the world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-used-in-food-packaging">Plastic used in food packaging</h2>



To reach this conclusion, scientists scrutinized plastic utilization on an extensive scale. 



They studied 1,500 food and drink products sold by the top five food retailers across six European countries -- France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland, and the United Kingdom.



The team uses two distinct approaches -- a "basket analysis" and a "store inventory analysis."



The basket analysis assessed the percentage of regularly bought items in a typical shopping basket containing plastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-is-responsible-for-the-burden-of-plastic-packaging-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">packaging</a>.



The store inventory analysis focused on the proportion of food and drink items packaged in plastic across various store sections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reliance-on-plastic-packaging">Reliance on plastic packaging </h2>



The study revealed that the bulk of plastic packaging in an average shopping basket originated from processed foods, including ready-meals and meal kits (90%); bread, rice, and cereals (89%), dairy products (83%), and meat and fish (80%).



The experts found that the UK leads the pack as the most reliant on plastic packaging, with 70% of all food and drink items on British shelves <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/4200-harmful-plastic-chemicals-hidden-in-everyday-objects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">containing plastic</a>.



Spain was not far behind at 67%, followed by Italy and Germany (66%), Poland (62%), and France (59%).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-commitments-for-sustainable-packaging">Commitments for sustainable packaging </h2>



Adding another layer to the study, the researchers interviewed 300 food and drink industry professionals occupying senior positions linked to packaging. 



Most respondents (98%) expressed their companies' commitment to reduce plastic packaging. Interestingly, 60% of these have fewer than two years to fulfill their voluntary goals.



However, 40% of the respondents cited the cost of raw materials as a major hurdle, and there's apprehension that consumers might reject the changes.



A significant 72% of industry professionals felt that consumers wouldn't want to pay more for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whats-the-most-sustainable-packaging-the-answer-will-surprise-you/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable packaging</a>, and 65% believed consumers would not sacrifice convenience for sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmentally-conscious-brands">Environmentally conscious brands </h2>



Nonetheless, these concerns might be misguided. A 2023 Harvard Business Review study suggests that Gen Z and Millennial customers, who perceive a brand to be conscious of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fashion-industrys-plastic-waste-is-a-major-environmental-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental</a> and social impact, are 27% more likely to choose it over others.



These generations' spending power is predicted to overtake that of Baby Boomers by 2030, translating to a wealth transfer of up to $68 trillion.



"We think the government can and should be more demanding of us all. Phasing out certain plastics to help create a level playing field that encourages innovation, investment and generates healthy competition to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-retailers-are-replacing-plastic-bags-with-eco-friendly-paper-bags/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">replace plastic</a>," said DS Smith CEO Miles Roberts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-single-use-plastic-packaging-scourge">Single-use plastic packaging scourge</h2>



This type of plastic packaging is also referred to as "single-use plastics" because after you consume what's inside the packaging, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-plastic-straws-degrade-faster-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">use the straw</a> that came with a drink, the plastic is immediately thrown away and never used again. 



Humans are ingrained with the attitude "out of sight, out of mind," but just because you toss plastic into a bin, that's far from the end of it. 



Discarded plastics accumulate in landfills, litter our streets, and find their way <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-floor-harbors-up-to-11-million-tons-of-plastic-debris/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">into the oceans</a> where they enter the food chain.



Wildlife in every corner of the world is taking a big hit from all this plastic pollution. Sea turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, birds get tangled in discarded fishing lines, and marine animals ingest bits of plastic thinking it's food. It's heartbreaking to see <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastics-dropped-into-the-ocean-can-travel-hundreds-of-miles-while-sinking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">images of animals</a> suffering because of our throwaway culture.



The issue gets worse when you consider how long these plastics stick around. They can take thousands of years to break down, and even then, they're not truly gone. 



Instead, they break into tiny microplastics and nanoplastics that can be ingested by humans and wildlife, eventually entering the water supply and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-every-semen-sample-tested/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infiltrating the cells in our bodies</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-policies-for-a-plastic-free-future">Policies for a plastic-free future</h2>



While industry leaders acknowledge the importance of reducing plastic packaging, significant change may require stronger government intervention, ultimately leading to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastics-treaty-talks-slow-progress-yet-restored-hope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global plastics treaty</a>.



Regulatory frameworks, such as plastic taxes, bans on single-use plastics, or incentives for sustainable packaging, could accelerate progress. 



Countries like France have already enacted laws to reduce plastic use in supermarkets, aiming to phase out disposable plastics by 2040. 



These policies hold companies accountable and encourage innovation in eco-friendly materials and waste reduction strategies.



In the UK, policymakers have introduced initiatives like the Plastic Packaging Tax, yet experts argue that more comprehensive regulations are needed to drive lasting impact. 



Setting clear goals for plastic reduction could stimulate a competitive market that favors recyclable and biodegradable alternatives.



As consumer awareness grows, the pressure on both government and industry is mounting. Future policy directions could determine the pace and success of the journey toward a more sustainable grocery sector, balancing the demands of convenience, cost, and environmental impact.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Plastic use in food packaging could be, and should be, drastically reduced

By now, most of us are well aware of the...

Welcome to the fascinating, albeit daunting, world of climate action. While it may seem like a constant barrage of distressing news, it is not all grim.



Some promising developments have emerged from the front lines of climate action, offering hope amid the crisis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoupling-economic-growth-from-emissions">Decoupling economic growth from emissions</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research</a> (PIK) in Germany found that 30% of global regions have successfully managed to decouple economic growth from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a>.



"Historically, economic growth has been closely coupled to carbon emissions responsible for climate change, but to stabilize global mean temperature, net-zero carbon emissions are necessary," wrote the researchers.



"Some economies have begun to reduce emissions while continuing to grow, but this decoupling is not fast enough to achieve global climate targets."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-progress-in-climate-action">Global progress in climate action</h2>



It is a commonly held notion that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-temperature-variability-linked-to-slow-economic-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">economic growth</a> is inevitably intertwined with carbon emissions. 



This belief has long been a significant barrier in the fight against climate change, as many fear that robust economic development comes at an environmental cost. However, recent studies have been proving this wrong.



“Regions with high incomes and a history of carbon-intensive industries, as well as those with significant shares of service and manufacturing sectors were particularly successful in reducing carbon emissions while still experiencing economic growth,” said study co-author Anders Levermann.



“A stabilization of the global mean temperature is only possible with net-zero carbon emissions. That means that if economies want to grow, they need to be decoupled from CO2 emissions.”



This decoupling is a significant breakthrough, demonstrating that it is possible to achieve economic prosperity without further harming the planet. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-local-climate-action">The power of local climate action</h2>



The researchers have not been focusing solely on nations or individual cities, as is the norm. They have taken a more granular approach while keeping their scope global.



The team analyzed 1,500 subnational regions, accounting for a whopping 85% of global emissions. The experts identified significant global patterns of decoupling.



The analysis reveals that local climate action has emerged as a powerful force in driving decoupling efforts. Regions that have prioritized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mature-forests-play-a-surprising-role-in-climate-mitigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate mitigation</a> through strategic planning and targeted funding are leading the way, showing that focused local initiatives can fuel broader progress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-decoupling-trends">Global decoupling trends</h2>



"Specifically, EU cities that have implemented climate mitigation plans and regions that have received increased financial support for climate actions tend to show higher rates of decoupling," said lead author Maria Zioga.



"Notably, Europe consistently outperforms other parts of the world, with many of its regions showing a continuous decoupling trend over the past 20 years." 



"In contrast, North America and Asia have seen more fluctuating decoupling patterns over the decades, but there's been an improvement trend in the last decade.”



This success highlights the importance of empowering local governments and communities to take initiative in climate action. 



By tailoring strategies to local conditions and needs, regions can achieve more effective and efficient outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-achieving-net-zero-emissions">Achieving net-zero emissions</h2>



Despite the progress, the road ahead remains challenging. The PIK scientists estimate that if current decoupling rates persist, less than half of the subnational regions will be able to achieve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/residual-emissions-must-be-addressed-to-reach-net-zero/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">net-zero carbon emissions</a> by 2050.



The challenge is formidable, as it requires a comprehensive transformation of energy systems, industrial processes, and societal behaviors.



"Developed countries appear likely to fulfill these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-meet-climate-targets-with-carbon-capture-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">targets</a> ahead of others, but overall recent trends appear inadequate for achieving the net-zero by mid-century in most regions," said study co-author Max Kotz.



"Therefore, all levels of government need to step up and developed countries in particular should increase their efforts and investment in the energy transition in the countries of the global south in order to meet net-zero targets globally.”



The science is clear, and the path is laid out. We must invest in renewable energy, innovate in technology, and strengthen international cooperation to ensure that the gains made in decoupling economic growth from carbon emissions are expanded and sustained.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2411419121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Climate action: Economies can grow while cutting emissions

Welcome to the fascinating, albeit daunting, world of climate action....

October 2024 will be remembered by the locals around Pyramid Lake, Nevada, for a rather unusual display of nature's colors and patterns. 



The usually serene waters of the lake unleashed a stunning exhibition of blue-green algae, dancing and swirling across the surface. 



For the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe <a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=944807254356712&amp;set=pb.100064823373179.-2207520000" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Water Quality Program</a>, this bloom was arguably the most active in recent times.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-pyramid-lake-from-space">Studying Pyramid Lake from space</h2>



The bloom, which added a touch of mystery to the lake, was so expansive that it was visible from space. The locals, bemused by this phenomenon, couldn't help but talk about it. 



Luckily, providing a better look at this spectacle was the <a href="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Landsat 9 satellite</a>, which snapped astonishing natural-color images on October 8, 2024. 



Looking at the images captured by Operational Land Imager-2 (<a href="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/oli-2-design/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OLI-2</a>), you could see the mesmerizing swirling, whirlpool patterns created by the algae.



Nodularia spumigena, a type of cyanobacteria, is the culprit that is responsible for the bloom. 



This particular species thrives in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-from-africa-sparked-a-massive-phytoplankton-bloom/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warm, saline waters</a> and can pull nitrogen right out of the atmosphere -- handy skills that ensured its survival in Pyramid Lake over the years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-beautiful-but-stay-away">It's beautiful, but stay away</h2>



What's fascinating about Nodularia spumigena, aside from its beauty, is its ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. This means it can create its own nutrients and outcompete other organisms when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nitrogen-overlooked-component-eutrophication-lake-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nitrogen levels in the water</a> are low.



But there's a flip side. Nodularia spumigena can produce a toxin called nodularin, which is harmful to both animals and humans. If you come into contact with water contaminated by this toxin, it can lead to serious health issues, especially affecting the liver. 



That's why when blooms of this cyanobacterium occur, health authorities often warn people to steer clear of the water until things return to normal.



Respectively, the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe raised a safety flag on October 15, 2024, advising people to avoid contact with the water until it returned to its normal state.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-cyanobacteria-and-phytoplankton">Understanding cyanobacteria and phytoplankton</h2>



Phytoplankton and cyanobacteria are both tiny organisms that live in water, but there's a key difference between them. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/turning-plants-into-carbon-capture-machines-with-cyanobacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cyanobacteria</a>, also called blue-green algae, are actually bacteria that can photosynthesize -- they use sunlight to make food, much like plants do. Despite their name, they're not true algae.



These little guys have been around for billions of years, and you can find them almost everywhere: in oceans, lakes, soil, and even in extreme environments like hot springs. Cyanobacteria are actually responsible for producing a lot of the oxygen that made life possible on Earth.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-heatwaves-have-complex-effects-on-phytoplankton-food-web/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Phytoplankton</a>, on the other hand, is a broader term that includes any microscopic organisms in the water that can photosynthesize. This group encompasses a variety of species, including algae and, interestingly enough, cyanobacteria. 



So, in a way, cyanobacteria are a type of phytoplankton, but not all phytoplankton are cyanobacteria.



Now, here's where it gets a bit tricky. While cyanobacteria are crucial for ecosystems and the oxygen we breathe, some species can produce toxins that are harmful to animals and humans. If you've ever heard about beaches closing because of harmful algal blooms, cyanobacteria are often the culprits. 



So, they play a double role: they're essential for life, but under certain conditions, such as this toxic bloom in Pyramid Lake, they can pose some serious health risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pyramid-lake-past-present-and-future">Pyramid Lake: Past, present and future</h2>



Pyramid Lake is a piece of history. It's a remnant of the ancient Lake Lahontan, created during the last ice age. 



Scientists speculate that the cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena has been a part of this ecosystem since that era.



This lake isn’t just about the water or the spectacular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-ocean-turning-green-thanks-to-climate-change-algae-blooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">algae blooms</a>. It's home to the endangered cui-ui fish (Chasmistes cuius) -- a species held in high regard by the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe. 



Anglers will also recognize it as the site where a world-record Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi) weighing a whopping 41 pounds was caught in 1925.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-the-bloom">Monitoring the bloom</h2>



To keep a pulse on these blooms and their implications, scientists and environmental organizations utilize various tools. 



For instance, the <a href="https://www.sfei.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">San Francisco Estuary Institute</a>'s water quality analysis tool indicated a surge in levels of chlorophyll-a between late September and mid-October. 



This invaluable data helps researchers understand the occurrence and potential impacts of such blooms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-pyramid-lake-for-the-future">Preserving Pyramid Lake for the future</h2>



This beautiful, toxic bloom underscores the importance of monitoring and conserving our aquatic ecosystems. 



Factors like temperature shifts, nutrient levels, and changes in water conditions can spark cyanobacteria growth almost anywhere on Earth.



The Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe is keeping residents and visitors up-to-date on the lake's condition. 



By heeding safety recommendations and staying informed, we can all play a part in safeguarding ourselves and this delicate ecosystem.



-----



NASA Earth Observatory image by <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/about/wanmei-liang" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wanmei Liang</a>, using Landsat data from the <a href="http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Photo by <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/lukegordon/3377729218/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke H. Gordon</a>. Story by <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/about/lindsey-doermann" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lindsey Doermann</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Pyramid Lake water turns dark green with beautiful swirling whirlpool currents

October 2024 will be remembered by the locals around Pyramid...

A recent study points to an exciting possibility: that Uranus's moon Miranda, located in the far reaches of our solar system, may harbor a hidden sea beneath its icy crust, making it hospitable to extraterrestrial life.



Discovering water on a moon is no easy task. It's even harder when that moon is hundreds of millions of miles away.



Tom Nordheim, a planetary scientist at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jhuapl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JHAPL</a>), is the person who gave us a peek into these icy depths. 



"To find evidence of an ocean inside a small object like Miranda is incredibly surprising," said Nordheim, who co-authored the study. 



His team's work challenges our understanding of Miranda while positing new questions about the potential for life on other celestial bodies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-miranda-s-bizarre-moonscape">Miranda's bizarre moonscape</h2>



Recall 1986 when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-lost-contact-with-voyager-2-spacecraft-12-billion-miles-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Voyager 2</a>, NASA's intrepid spacecraft, beamed back the first close-up images of Miranda. It was a sight to behold.



A bizarre landscape that looked as if it had been stitched together from bits and pieces of different worlds. 



From deep grooves and towering cliffs to mysterious trapezoid-shaped regions known as coronae, Miranda appeared to be a geological wonder. But what could have caused such a varied landscape?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-the-deal-with-uranus">What's the deal with Uranus?</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uranus-is-more-gassy-less-icy-than-we-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uranus</a> is one of the lesser-known planets in our solar system. Unlike the other planets, Uranus rotates on its side, so its axis is almost parallel to its orbit. 



This tilt causes some extreme seasons -- imagine a planet where each pole gets 42 years of continuous sunlight followed by 42 years of darkness. 



Scientists think a massive collision with an Earth-sized object might have knocked it over early in its history.



Another interesting aspect is Uranus's atmosphere, which is rich in icy materials like water, ammonia, and methane. That methane is what gives the planet its <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-ice-giant-uranus-in-stunning-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">signature blue-green color</a>. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-photos-of-uranus-from-hubble-and-new-horizons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uranus</a> also has a set of faint rings and at least 27 moons, many named after Shakespearean characters like Miranda, which is the subject of this article, and Ariel. 



Despite being discovered way back in 1781 by William Herschel, Uranus still holds many secrets, and researchers are eager to explore it further to understand more about these distant, icy worlds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-ocean-on-a-moon-named-miranda">Hidden ocean on a moon named Miranda</h2>



Caleb Strom, a graduate student at the <a href="https://und.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Dakota</a>, and Alex Patthoff from the <a href="https://www.psi.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Planetary Science Institute</a> in Arizona joined Nordheim for this fascinating study.



They approached this mystery like detectives working a cold case, revisiting old Voyager 2 images and using modern computer modeling techniques to reconstruct Miranda's geologic past.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/miranda_uranus-moon_ocean_possible-life_Voyager2_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/miranda_uranus-moon_ocean_possible-life_Voyager2_NASA_1s.webp" alt="Uranus’ icy moon Miranda, captured by NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft on Jan. 24, 1986. Credit: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory-Caltech" class="wp-image-1949103"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Uranus’ icy moon Miranda, captured by NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft on Jan. 24, 1986. Credit: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory-Caltech</figcaption></figure>



As Strom and his team mapped out Miranda's convoluted surface features and modeled different scenarios for its interior structure, a startling picture began to emerge. 



Their findings suggest that around 100 to 500 million years ago, Miranda likely harbored a subsurface ocean, at least 62 miles deep, beneath a frozen crust no more than 19 miles thick.



"That result was a big surprise to the team," said Strom. The thought that a moon as small as Miranda could contain such a large ocean is not something scientists expected.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tidal-forces-on-the-moon-miranda">Tidal forces on the moon Miranda</h2>



Even more confusing is the fact that this ocean could have been warm enough to remain liquid, despite Miranda's incredible distance from the Sun. 



The credit goes to a dance of gravitational forces played out between Miranda and her neighboring moons orbiting Uranus.



This phenomenon, known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-interactions-with-mars-influence-deep-ocean-circulation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orbital resonance</a>, can generate friction and heat within a moon's interior, enough to sustain a subsurface ocean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-miranda-still-have-a-liquid-ocean">Could Miranda still have a liquid ocean?</h2>



The case isn't closed yet. The team believes that Miranda's interior hasn't entirely frozen over. If it had, we would see specific surface features that just aren't there. 



So, there's a good chance that Miranda still has a subsurface ocean, though likely thinner than before. 



"But the suggestion of an ocean inside one of the most distant moons in the solar system is remarkable," remarked Strom.



This isn't the first time a small moon has surprised us. Back in 2004, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-sparking-energy-source-found-on-saturns-moon-enceladus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Enceladus</a>, one of Saturn's moons, revealed active geysers spewing water vapor and ice into space, hinting at a hidden ocean. Today, Enceladus is a prime target in the search for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-discovery-saturns-moon-enceladus-has-all-of-the-ingredients-necessary-for-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extraterrestrial life</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-the-miranda-moon-support-life">Could the Miranda moon support life?</h2>



It's still too early to pack our bags for Miranda, but the possibility of it harboring life is tantalizing. However, as Nordheim points out, we still need more data to confirm if an ocean definitely exists.



While recent research has provided fresh insights into Uranus's moons, we've barely scratched the surface. 



"We're squeezing the last bit of science we can from Voyager 2's images," says Nordheim. 



To truly understand Miranda's potential, we need to launch new missions to Uranus. Until then, we hold our breath and watch this icy moon with great anticipation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-miranda-ocean-worlds-and-extraterrestrial-life">Miranda, ocean worlds, and extraterrestrial life</h2>



In the grand scheme of our solar system, Miranda might just be the underdog story we didn't see coming. 



This tiny moon, once thought to be a frozen, inactive world, could be hiding a vast ocean beneath its patchwork surface. 



The idea that such a small body, orbiting one of the most distant planets, might have an environment capable of sustaining life is nothing short of mind-blowing.



All of this goes to show that there's so much left to discover out there. Revisiting old data with fresh eyes has opened up new possibilities and questions. 



Maybe it's high time we head back to Uranus and take a closer look at Miranda and its neighboring moons.



The full study was published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/ad77d7">The Planetary Science Journal</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Moon named "Miranda" orbiting Uranus seems to have an ocean and possibly life

A recent study points to an exciting possibility: that Uranus's...

Welcome to the era of technology, where an entire generation's lives are intertwined with screens, digital devices, and many hours spent sitting in a chair.



Millennials are now sitting over 60 hours a week - an activity, or rather inactivity, that is draining their health.



This concerning trend was discovered by researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder and the University of California Riverside.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sitting-epidemic-and-premature-aging">Sitting epidemic and premature aging </h2>



Millennials, the group known for disrupting norms and setting trends, are spending over 2.5 days of their week sitting. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/walking-can-counteract-the-health-risks-of-sitting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sedentary lifestyle</a> could have severe implications for their health, increasing the risk of heart disease and premature aging.



The experts investigated the health impact of prolonged sitting on young adults, looking at measures like cholesterol and body mass index (BMI). There were over 1,000 participants, including 730 twins, and the results were quite revealing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-of-sedentary-behavior">Health implications of sedentary behavior </h2>



Busting the myth that 20 minutes of daily moderate exercise was enough to counter the effects of sitting all day, the results of the study tell a different story. Those 20 minutes may not be enough to counteract the dormant dragon of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sedentary-behavior-sitting-for-hours-health-risk-early-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sedentary</a> hazards.



"Our research suggests that sitting less throughout the day, getting more vigorous exercise, or a combination of both may be necessary to reduce the risk of premature aging in early adulthood," said study senior author Chandra Reynolds, a professor in the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/ibg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Behavioral Genetics</a>.



The study was also led by Ryan Bruellman, a Ph.D. candidate in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics at <a href="https://www.ucr.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a>.



In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Bruellman noticed how increased sitting time was becoming a norm for him and his peers. This kick-started his curiosity about the health implications of sedentary behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-sitting-on-aging">Impact of sitting on aging</h2>



"Young adults tend to think they are impervious to the impacts of aging. They figure, 'My metabolism is great, I don't have to worry until I'm in my 50s or 60s,'" said Bruellman. "But what you do during this critical time of life matters."



The data analyzed was from participants between 28 and 49 years old, with an average age of 33. 



The participants reported sitting almost 9 hours daily, on average, with some even sitting up to 16 hours. The counteractive effects of moderate physical activities were hardly adequate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-and-metabolic-diseases">Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases</h2>



According to the study, those who sat for 8.5 hours per day, exercising at or below current recommendations, could enter a "moderate to high risk" category for cardiovascular and metabolic disease. 



A quick walk after a workday may not cut it anymore, particularly for early adults. But there's a silver lining. Vigorous activities, like running or cycling, for 30 minutes daily, showed promising results.



Those who were active had cholesterol and BMI measures similar to individuals who were 5 to 10 years younger. However, even vigorous activity could not entirely erase the impacts of prolonged sitting.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduce-sitting-time-for-better-health">Reduce sitting time for better health</h2>



The researchers found that replacing sitting time with exercise seemed to work better to improve cholesterol levels than merely doing exercise after a long day of sitting. 



The bottom line is trying to balance between reducing sitting time and increasing vigorous exercise.



Prolonged sitting has implications that extend beyond physical health; it also impacts mental well-being. Studies indicate a correlation between high sedentary behavior and increased rates of anxiety, depression, and reduced cognitive function. 



When engaging in long periods of inactivity, the brain receives less blood flow, which, over time, can lead to diminished mental acuity and emotional distress. 



People who incorporate more physical movement into their day tend to report higher levels of happiness and cognitive engagement, emphasizing the need to strike a balance between work and physical activity for holistic well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steps-for-a-more-active-lifestyle">Steps for a more active lifestyle</h2>



Transitioning from a sedentary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-to-set-realistic-goals-and-achieve-them-in-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle</a> to a more active one requires practical changes that can be integrated into daily routines. Individuals can break their sitting time by setting hourly reminders to stand, stretch, or walk for a few minutes.



Brief high-intensity workouts or burst activity sessions throughout the day can preclude negative health effects. By prioritizing movement, individuals can mitigate the unforeseen impacts of prolonged sitting.



Bruellman's advice? Spice up your office habits. Try standing desks or walking meetings, and take breaks to stretch. Become a "weekend warrior," packing in those vigorous workouts when you can.



Meanwhile, Reynolds urges young adults to take proactive steps towards building habits that will benefit their health in the long run.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0308660" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Sitting too much can cause premature aging, even if you exercise

Welcome to the era of technology, where an entire generation's...

Beautiful,Gemstones,In,The,Old,Gestone,Mine

According to most scientists, we see only a fraction of the universe -- about five percent, to be more precise. The stars, planets, gas clouds, and even black holes we observe make up just a tiny sliver of what's out there. The rest is referred to as dark matter.



Patrick Huber, a physicist with a penchant for bold ideas, is leading a team that's trying to find the missing 95 percent. 



Instead of using massive telescopes or particle accelerators, they're looking for this dark matter in billion-year-old rocks right here on Earth.



Based at <a href="https://www.vt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a>, Huber and his collaborators are on an unconventional quest to detect dark matter by examining ancient minerals deep within the Earth. 



They're building a new lab to test their theories, backed by significant funding from the National Science Foundation (<a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NSF</a>) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (<a href="https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/national-nuclear-security-administration" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NNSA</a>).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dark-matter-mystery">The dark matter mystery</h2>



Dark matter is a mysterious substance that doesn't emit or absorb light, making it invisible to traditional instruments. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-dark-matter-does-not-exist-and-the-universe-is-27-billion-years-old/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Most scientists believe it exists</a> because galaxies rotate faster than they should based on the visible matter alone. Something unseen must be providing the extra <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/theory-gravity-exists-without-mass-so-dark-matter-does-not-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational pull</a>.



For decades, researchers have tried to catch a glimpse of dark matter by setting up experiments deep underground to shield them from cosmic rays. 



But so far, these efforts haven't yielded <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-are-not-the-secret-source-of-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concrete evidence</a>. Huber's team is flipping the script by looking into the Earth's own history for signs of dark matter interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-not-try-something-new">Why not try something new?</h2>



"It's crazy. When I first heard about this idea, I was like -- this is insane. I want to do it," Huber said. 



He's stepping out of his comfort zone as a theoretical physicist to dive into experimental work. "Other people in their midlife crisis might take a mistress or get a sports car. I got a lab," he joked.



The concept is to examine the crystal structures of ancient rocks for tiny disruptions caused by dark matter particles colliding with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atomic-nucleus-made-of-quarks-and-gluons-reproduced-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atomic nuclei</a>. 



Over billions of years, these rare events might have left subtle tracks that advanced imaging techniques can detect.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-matter-tracks-hidden-in-rocks">Dark matter tracks hidden in rocks</h2>



"When a high-energy particle bounces off a nucleus inside a rock, it can knock it out of place," explained Vsevolod Ivanov, a researcher collaborating with Huber. 



"We'll take a crystal that's been exposed to different particles for millions of years and subtract the distributions that correspond to things we do know. Whatever is left must be something new, and that could be the dark matter."



One of the challenges is distinguishing these potential dark matter signals from the background noise of natural radioactivity. 



Robert Bodnar, a University Distinguished Professor and expert in geochemistry, is helping the team identify the best minerals to study -- ones that have been shielded from both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-rays-help-archaeologists-determine-age-discoveries-prehistoric-settlements/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic rays</a> and Earth's own radioactive emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cutting-edge-imaging-techniques">Cutting-edge imaging techniques</h2>



To visualize these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/directly-detecting-dark-matter-primordial-black-holes-simple-as-monitoring-mars-orbit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tiny disruptions</a>, the team is using cutting-edge imaging technology borrowed from microbiology. 



Collaborators at the University of Zurich's <a href="https://www.hifo.uzh.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brain Research Institute</a> have provided access to equipment typically used to map neural pathways in animals.



They've started generating 3D images of particle tracks in synthetic lithium fluoride crystals. 



While these artificial crystals aren't suitable for detecting dark matter, they serve as a test bed to refine the imaging techniques without damaging precious natural samples.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-byproducts-of-dark-matter-rock-hunting">Byproducts of dark matter rock hunting</h2>



In an unexpected twist, the methods developed for this project might have immediate applications. 



"We're seeing potential for creating portable devices to monitor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/molten-salt-could-reshape-the-future-of-nuclear-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nuclear reactors</a>," Huber noted. These "nuclear transparency devices" could enhance safety and security measures.



The interdisciplinary nature of the team is one of its strengths. Combining physics, geology, and advanced imaging, they're breaking down traditional barriers between fields. 



"This kind of collaboration is where new discoveries happen," Huber said.



The new lab being built at Robeson Hall is a hub for innovation. With $3.5 million from the National Science Foundation and an additional $750,000 from the National Nuclear Security Administration, the project is well-resourced to tackle its ambitious goals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



While the hunt for dark matter is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-stars-conspiracy-theory-may-have-been-officially-put-to-rest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primary focus</a>, the team is open to wherever the research leads them. 



"Science doesn't always give you what you expect," Huber remarked. "Sometimes, you set out to answer one question and end up discovering something entirely different."



If successful, this approach could revolutionize our understanding of the universe. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unending-search-for-elusive-dark-matter-detector-lz-sets-new-record/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Finding evidence</a> of dark matter interactions in ancient rocks would not only confirm its existence but also open new avenues for studying its properties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-matter-in-earth-rocks-why-not">Dark matter in Earth rocks? Why not?</h2>



It's a big "if," but Huber and his team are undeterred. "We're venturing into the unknown," he said. "But that's where the most exciting discoveries are made."



To sum it all up, Patrick Huber and his team are taking a wild swing at one of physics' biggest mysteries by digging into ancient rocks. 



They're hoping that by examining these billion-year-old minerals, they might spot tiny disruptions caused by dark matter particles interacting with atomic nuclei -- something no one else has pulled off yet. 



With a mix of physics, geology, and some pretty fancy imaging tech, they hope that taking the road less traveled may open doors to unexpected applications like portable nuclear monitoring devices.



As they begin breaking open Earth rocks in hopes of solving one of the biggest remaining scientific mysteries, one can't help but root them on. 



Maybe, just maybe, the secrets of the universe have been right under our feet all this time.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Dark matter search has moved from space to the inside of old Earth rocks and crystals

According to most scientists, we see only a fraction of...

Viruses, those tiny invaders wriggling their way into host cells are a marvel of biological survival. Among them, arteriviruses, found in a variety of animals across the globe, have evoked great interest.



These viruses have remained largely elusive to the human immune system. A recent study has unveiled an intriguing mechanism by which arteriviruses sneak into host cells and initiate an infection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-friendly-protein-turned-foe">Friendly protein turned foe</h2>



In the center of this microscopic drama is a protein found in mammals - an unsuspecting gatekeeper that unwittingly opens the door to arteriviruses.



The research team also discovered a monoclonal antibody - an immune system ally - that binds to this protein, effectively shielding the cells from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-makes-a-virus-capable-of-causing-a-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viral infection</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arterivirus-infections">Arterivirus infections</h2>



Why should we concern ourselves with arteriviruses? These are viruses that we do not have immunity against.



“It’s important to consider that since we have no known arteriviruses infecting people that we’re essentially immunologically naïve, so we can’t rely on preexisting immunity to help us,” said co-lead author&nbsp;Cody Warren, assistant professor of&nbsp;<a href="https://vet.osu.edu/departments-offices/biosciences" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">veterinary biosciences</a>&nbsp;at The Ohio State University (<a href="https://www.osu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OSU</a>).



To understand the gravity of the situation, we must consider the potential implications. Arteriviruses are found in various mammals like non-human primates, possums, pigs, and horses. They are often present without causing noticeable disease.



But, when they switch hosts, the viruses can cause serious health problems such as pneumonia, hemorrhagic fever, or encephalitis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-of-a-virus-in-a-cell">Journey of a virus in a cell</h2>



In the realm of viruses, breaking and entering is a step-by-step process. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-use-gps-to-move-precisely-within-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arteriviruses</a>, the first stop is the FcRn receptor, a protein complex formed by the coming together of two genes - FCGRT and B2M. This receptor otherwise plays a benign role, carrying antibodies across the placenta to a fetus.



However, when a virus comes along, the FcRn receptor becomes a conduit for infection. It is responsible for ushering in at least five different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/influenza-is-considered-the-biggest-pandemic-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arteriviruses</a> infecting monkeys, pigs, and horses.



When the researchers disrupted the FCGRT gene, the primary component of the FcRn complex, the cells became resistant to the infection. Better yet, pre-treating cells with monoclonal antibodies against FcRn protected them entirely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arteriviral-infection-of-host-cells">Arteriviral infection of host cells</h2>



There's a fascinating genetic subplot to this story. It turns out, the susceptibility of mammalian hosts to the arterivirus infection varies based on differences in their FcRn's genetic sequence. 



Essentially, the sequence variations of this receptor protein can either facilitate or impede cross-species infections.



The surface protein CD163, which has a history of playing a gatekeeper role for the simian hemorrhagic fever virus (an arterivirus), also came into the spotlight in this study. 



Experiments demonstrated that CD163 interacts with FcRn and aids in arteriviral infection of host cells. By identifying these arterivirus infection steps, we have reached an important milestone.



“If we’re looking at virus biology, one of the most important things we can understand is entry mechanisms. Because if you can stop the ability of a virus to infect a cell through disrupting that initial virus-receptor contact, now you have a potential therapeutic strategy,” said Warren.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-prepared-for-the-next-pandemic">Getting prepared for the next pandemic </h2>



Unveiling the secrets of how arteriviruses infiltrate host cells leaves us better prepared to face any future viral threats that may emerge. 



With an existing monoclonal antibody that can prevent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-viruses-link-up-and-bloom-into-amazing-sunflower-structures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viral infection</a> in cells, we have a ray of hope in our pre-pandemic preparedness toolkit.



"If one of these viruses emerged in humans, I believe we’d be in big trouble. So that is the motivator for me,” said Adam Bailey, assistant professor of pathology and laboratory medicine at the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> and co-lead author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



Knowledge is indeed power. As we deepen our understanding of viruses infecting cells, we inch closer to better prevention methods and ideally, fewer global health crises. 



"Understanding the nuances of species-specific FcRn utilization will be important in anticipating the spillover of arteriviruses into new hosts, as our data indicates that FcRn can function as a molecular barrier to cross-species arterivirus infection," wrote the researchers.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-51142-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Animal viruses have a secret ally to infect human cells

Viruses, those tiny invaders wriggling their way into host cells...

As we move forward in the 21st century, it's becoming clearer that the air we breathe is having an impact on us, well beyond just our lungs. 



In a new study from the University of Southern California (USC), experts found that a particular component of air pollution is linked to poor learning and memory in children. The same component is also associated with Alzheimer’s and dementia in adults.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pm2-5-and-its-components">PM2.5 and its components</h2>



So, what is this worrying part of our air? It is most commonly known as PM2.5. This refers to particulate matter that is less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter. These particles are a mixture of dust, soot, organic compounds, and metals.



Due to their small size, PM2.5 particles from air pollution can travel deeply into our lungs, bypass the blood-brain barrier, and potentially cause serious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-air-pollution-impacts-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory and health problems</a>.



One particular component of PM2.5, called ammonium nitrate, has caught the attention of scientists. It forms when ammonia gas, which is produced by agricultural activities, and nitric acid, produced by burning fossil fuels, react in the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-pollution-s-impact-on-memory">Air pollution's impact on memory</h2>



The research was led by Megan Herting, an associate professor of population and public health sciences at the <a href="https://keck.usc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Keck School of Medicine</a> at USC.



"Our study highlights the need for detailed research on particulate matter sources and chemical components," said Herting. "It suggests that understanding these nuances is crucial for informing air quality regulations and understanding long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-impacts-brain-development-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurocognitive effects</a>."



How did this study come about? Herting has been working with data from the largest brain study across America, known as the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD), for several years. 



The goal of the research was to understand the potential effects of air pollution on the brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sources-of-pollution">Sources of pollution</h2>



The primary source of PM2.5 is fossil fuel combustion, especially within urban areas. However, other sources such as wildfires, agriculture, marine aerosols, and chemical reactions also play a critical role. 



Herting and her team previously studied the overall impact of PM2.5 on cognition in children and didn't find a significant connection.



In this recent study, the team used statistical techniques to look at 15 chemical components in PM2.5 and their sources individually. That's when ammonium nitrate, a chemical compound usually resulting from agricultural and farming activities, emerged as a surprising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-is-fueling-more-intense-and-dangerous-thunderstorms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">culprit</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ammonium-nitrate-and-memory">Ammonium nitrate and memory</h2>



"No matter how we examined it, on its own or with other pollutants, the most robust finding was that ammonium nitrate particles were linked to poorer learning and memory," said Herting. “That suggests that overall PM2.5 is one thing, but for cognition, it's a mixture effect of what you're exposed to.”



This revelation highlights the need for reducing the overall quantity of PM2.5, as well as understanding its composition and the effects of its specific components.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-children-from-air-pollution">Protecting children from air pollution</h2>



The findings carry substantial implications for public health policies. Considering the diverse components of PM2.5, blanket regulations may not be as effective as policies that target specific pollutants like ammonium nitrate.



Policymakers could consider enforcing stricter emission controls on agricultural practices and industries known for high ammonia emissions. 



Furthermore, implementing educational programs to heighten public awareness about the sources and risks associated with particulate matter can empower communities to support and adapt to these regulatory changes. 



These informed approaches can pave the way for improved air quality standards and, consequently, better health outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-on-air-pollution-and-memory">Research on air pollution and memory</h2>



The study opens new avenues for research into the molecular mechanisms by which ammonium nitrate impacts cognitive functions. 



Future studies could explore the biological pathways affected by this compound in air pollution and delineate its interactions within the memory and overall brain. Longitudinal research initiatives might help uncover how exposure to different PM2.5 components over a lifetime contributes to cognitive decline in old age. 



Additionally, exploring geographic and seasonal variations in particulate matter composition can provide insights into regional vulnerabilities and help tailor interventions more effectively. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health-and-public-well-being">Mental health and public well-being </h2>



These scientific endeavors will be crucial for crafting policies that effectively safeguard mental health and public well-being in an era of rapidly changing environmental dynamics.



So what's next for these researchers? They intend to explore how these mixtures and sources of air pollution may link with individual memory variations and brain phenotypes during child and adolescent development.



This research is important for our children's health and the future of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet</a>. The findings could lead to changes in air quality and public health policies. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP14418" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Health Perspectives</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Air pollution is harming kids’ memory and learning

As we move forward in the 21st century, it's becoming...

Bats have evolved to display a variety of different skills, such as plucking insects off leaves or hovering over flowers to drink nectar. Despite their diverse behaviors, one question has always lingered: why don't we see any flightless bats?



There are birds that waddle along riverbanks like ostriches, or spend their lives by the sea like the wandering albatross. But why not bats?



The answer to this question might have just been found by a group of researchers at Cornell University.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bat-bird-evolution-paradox">Bat-bird evolution paradox</h2>



It is important to understand that the evolutionary pathways of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fruit-bats-can-remember-the-past-and-plan-for-the-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a> and birds are markedly different.



The evolution of bats' wings and legs is tightly coupled, which seems to have limited them to fewer ecological niches than birds. A surprising finding was that the opposite is true for our feathered friends.



"We initially expected to confirm that bat evolution is similar to that of birds, and that their wings and legs evolve independently of one another. The fact we found the opposite was greatly surprising," said Andrew Orkney, postdoctoral researcher in the laboratory of Professor Brandon Hedrick.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flight-evolution-in-birds-and-bats">Flight evolution in birds and bats</h2>



The concept of wings and legs evolving independently makes intuitive sense, considering they perform different functions. 



Prior research had suggested that the origin of flight in vertebrates required forelimbs and hindlimbs to evolve independently, thereby allowing them to adapt to their distinct tasks more effectively. 



So, comparing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-bats-navigate-noisy-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a> and birds presented an ideal situation to test this idea. Since they do not share a common flying ancestor, birds and bats are independent examples to study flight evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bats-evolve-differently">Bats evolve differently</h2>



The research team measured the wing and leg bones of 111 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/disappearance-of-bats-linked-to-a-rise-in-infant-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bat species</a> and 149 bird species from around the world. The analysis included X-rays of museum specimens and new X-rays of bat specimens stored at the <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a> Museum of Vertebrates.



A stark contrast in the evolution of these two flight capable creatures was noted. In both bats and birds, the shape of the bones within a species' wing (handwing, radius, humerus) or leg (femur and tibia) was found to be correlated - meaning that within a limb, bones evolve together. 



However, the correlation across legs and wings was significantly different in bats and birds. While bird species showed little to no correlation, bats displayed a strong one.



Essentially, in bats, forelimbs and hindlimbs did not evolve independently. When the wing shape changes (either increases or decreases) the leg shape follows the same trend.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-implications-of-bat-morphology">Ecological implications of bat morphology</h2>



The coupled evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-bat-appreciation-day-the-crucial-role-of-bats-in-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a>' wings and legs has profound ecological implications. Bats are predominantly adapted to aerial niches, which constrains them mainly to environments where flight is advantageous. 



This is in contrast to birds, whose limb independence allows them to occupy diverse habitats, ranging from arid deserts to aquatic environments.



The morphological constraints on bats mean that evolutionary pressures have favored adaptations which enhance aerial agility and efficiency, such as echolocation and varied wing shapes.



Consequently, bats have become specialized fliers, excelling in niches that demand proficient maneuverability and speed. 



However, this specialization may come with trade-offs, limiting their ability to exploit non-aerial ecological niches compared to the more versatile birds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The discoveries from this research open avenues for further investigation into the evolutionary biology of flight.



Understanding how bone morphology influences ecological roles can provide deeper insights into the evolutionary constraints and drivers that shape species diversity. 



Future studies could explore the genetic and developmental factors underpinning the tight coupling between bat wings and legs. Additionally, research could focus on comparative studies across more vertebrate groups to dissect the underlying evolutionary mechanisms that enable or restrict limb independence. 



Such inquiries not only enhance our comprehension of evolutionary processes but also aid in conservation strategies by predicting how species may adapt to changing environments. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bats-evolved-to-stay-airborne">Bats evolved to stay airborne</h2>



The researchers acknowledge that the coupled evolution of wing and leg in bats could limit their capacity to adapt to new ecologies. However, this discovery has stirred interest in other areas. 



For instance, it raises questions about the evolution of pterosaurs, an extinct group of flying reptiles that had membranous wings akin to those of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-can-ramp-up-their-heart-rate-to-900-beats-per-minute/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a>. 



With pterosaurs being significantly more diverse than either birds or bats, this research might shed some light on the factors behind their evolutionary prowess.



Following their discovery, the researchers have now redirected their focus to the evolution of bird skeletons.



"While we showed that the evolution of birds' wings and legs is independent, and it appears this is an important explanation for their evolutionary success, we still don't know why birds are able to do this or when it began to occur in their evolutionary history," said Orkney.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02572-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Why didn't bats evolve to walk on land like birds?

Bats have evolved to display a variety of different skills,...

Lake Erie, known for its rich aquatic life, has been facing some challenges. Interestingly, the current regulations limiting nutrients from agriculture flowing into Lake Erie may be too restrictive for some fish species.



However, these restrictions are anticipated to maintain healthy fisheries until at least mid-century when taking our warming climate into consideration, according to a new study led by the <a href="https://umich.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-action-now-for-the-future">Taking action now for the future</h2>



"Hitting the target for the future is the right thing to do now," said&nbsp;<a href="https://seas.umich.edu/research/faculty/don-scavia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Don Scavia</a>, professor emeritus at U-M's School for Environment and Sustainability. "Even though the proposed limits are too much for now, I don't think they should be relaxed because it takes a decade or longer to affect change."



This intriguing study is the result of combined efforts from scientists across the United States and Asia. 



The team integrated climate projections, historical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-illuminates-fish-interactions-in-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishery</a> data, and innovative mathematical modeling of the lake's nutrient load. The researchers also looked at an important indicator of water quality - the oxygen levels in the lake's depths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrients-in-lake-erie">Nutrients in Lake Erie</h2>



With all of these elements in the mix, the researchers found that the situation is even more complex than one might expect.



Reducing nutrient flows does indeed improve water quality, but this doesn't automatically translate into a boon for all fish species. 



"There are tradeoffs," said Scavia. He noted that as the planet continues to warm, temperature - not nutrient load - will be the primary influence over Lake Erie's oxygen levels and other similar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reef-fish-populations-are-boosted-by-ocean-connectivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a> worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solutions-for-a-wicked-problem">Solutions for a "wicked problem"</h2>



Does this complexity mean we're in a no-win situation? Not at all. Instead, it simply means that management strategies will need to adapt as conditions change. 



Because there isn't a single, perfect solution for these ecosystems, our approach must remain flexible to accommodate new realities. In the world of land management, this is known as a "wicked problem."



The nutrients used in fertilizers, while incredibly beneficial for crops, pose a problem when they enter our water systems. They act as a buffet for microorganisms like algae and cyanobacteria, leading to algal blooms in places like Lake Erie, the northern Gulf of Mexico, and Chesapeake Bay.



As these blooms decompose, they create hypoxic, or low-oxygen, conditions that are disastrous for many fish species. 



While cyanobacteria thrive in nutrient-rich waters, so do the plankton that provide food for larger fish species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-nutrients-in-lake-erie">Balancing nutrients in Lake Erie</h2>



Stuart Ludsin, a professor in the Aquatic Ecology Laboratory at Ohio State University (<a href="https://www.osu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OSU</a>), explained that hypoxia is bad news for lake whitefish that prefer the cold bottom water of Lake Erie.



However, not all fish live in depths where hypoxia is a concern. Yellow perch, for instance, actually benefit from nutrient-rich waters, noted Professor Ludsin.



Currently, nutrient levels in Lake Erie are also beneficial to walleye. Achieving the right balance for both water quality and fish populations is a delicate, moving target.



The goal is not to encourage pollution to support fisheries but rather to find a level of nutrients that can balance water quality goals and support the lake's suite of fisheries.



Anna Michalak, founding director of Carnegie Science's Climate and Resilience Hub, suggests that determining this level should involve the system's managers and stakeholders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptive-tactics-to-tackle-the-issue">Adaptive tactics to tackle the issue</h2>



Michalak, who has been working with Scavia for a decade studying Lake Erie and other aquatic ecosystems, advocates for a systems-level approach. She emphasizes that the optimal choices for one aspect, such as water quality, might come with a cost to another, like fisheries.



According to Professor Dan Obenour of North Carolina (NC) State University, the study provides a template and prior knowledge that can be applied to other systems.



Pointing out that the climate-hypoxia model has proven robust and reliable over long time periods, Professor Obenour reinforces the need for adaptive tactics to tackle this wicked problem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-climate-change">The role of climate change</h2>



Climate change further complicates the web of challenges faced by Lake Erie nutrient limits and similar water systems. Rising global temperatures alter precipitation patterns, increasing the frequency of intense rainfalls that wash more nutrients into bodies of water. 



This not only exacerbates the existing nutrient management issues but also demands more dynamic solutions. Scientists are beginning to incorporate climate resilience into their models to predict more accurately how these aquatic systems will change over time. 



By understanding and planning for these shifts, policymakers and stakeholders can better devise strategies that preemptively address the changing environmental conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovation-in-environmental-policy">Innovation in environmental policy</h2>



Advancements in technology and data analytics are playing pivotal roles in shaping effective environmental policies. By leveraging satellite imagery and real-time sensor data, researchers can monitor nutrient loads and algal blooms with greater precision than ever before. 



These innovative tools allow for the rapid assessment of water quality and the development of more targeted mitigation strategies. 



As environmental challenges become increasingly complex, the integration of cutting-edge science with proactive policy measures stands to offer a beacon of hope for maintaining Lake Erie's ecological balance and preserving its invaluable natural resources.



Indeed, determining the best management solutions is a challenging task. Even after reaching a consensus, future changes will require continued <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-fishing-gets-a-boost-from-genomics-roadmap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reassessments</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2322595121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eri</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">c</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/"> Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Balancing the nutrient load in Lake Erie is a 'wicked problem'

Lake Erie, known for its rich aquatic life, has been...

Every organism on this planet, from the tiniest bacterium to the colossal blue whale, grapples with the task of adjusting to its ever-changing environment. Picture an animal on its never-ending quest for food, navigating the shifting sands of edible resources molded by the seasons.



Yet learning, as we know, isn't a walk in the park. It drains time and energy. An <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-and-bees-are-capable-of-complex-social-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organism</a> that sluggishly learns may find itself lagging behind the environmental shifts, while one that learns too quickly might find itself swept up in the whirlwind of insignificant fluctuations.



Enter a newly developed mathematical model that tackles this head-on. Constructed by researchers at the Complexity Science Hub (CSH) and <a href="https://www.santafe.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Santa Fe Institute</a>, this model breaks down the optimal pace of learning for any organism existing in our dynamic world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-rate-of-animals">Learning rate of animals</h2>



“The key insight is that the ideal learning rate increases in the same way regardless of the pace of environmental change, whether the organism changes its environment or alters its interaction with it. This suggests a generalizable phenomenon that may underlie learning in a variety of ecosystems,” said CSH Postdoc <a href="https://csh.ac.at/eddie-lee/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eddie Lee</a>.



In layman's terms, this model conceives an environment that transitions between various states such as wet and dry seasons or day and night.



The organisms pick up on these environmental cues and hold onto memories of these past states. But as time marches on, these older memories get relegated to the background, taking a backseat based on how quickly the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chick-emotions-shed-new-light-on-animal-welfare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organism</a> learns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-and-environmental-timescales">Learning and environmental timescales</h2>



Treading the line between animals learning too quickly and too slowly is no simple feat. The model brings forth an interesting proposition: the learning timescale should correspond to the square root of the environmental timescale.



Think of it in these terms: if the environment fluctuates twice as slowly, the organism's learning rate should dip by a factor of 1.4 (the square root of 2). The square root scaling tells us there's a limit to the benefits of having a long memory.



Our model doesn’t stop there. It also mimics organisms that aren’t passive learners. Some can actively reshape their environment, a power known as "niche construction."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact-on-animal-learning">Environmental impact on animal learning</h2>



"If an organism can keep its surroundings stable, it gains an evolutionary advantage. But, this only works if the benefits stay within the organism. If other organisms move in and exploit the stabilized niche, the whole strategy falls apart," explained Lee.



The model uses beavers as an example to illustrate this. A beaver builds dams in rivers, leading to the formation of steady ponds that provide habitats for them and other species as well. 



This construct equips them with a crucial evolutionary advantage - constant food supply and defense against predators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-effort-required-for-learning">Mental effort required for learning </h2>



An intriguing aspect of this model is its consideration of cognitive load - the mental effort required to adapt and learn. In a complex and rapidly changing environment, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-tool-superanimal-can-accurately-analyze-animal-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organisms</a> must balance the amount of information they process to avoid cognitive overload.



An organism inundated with too much data might fail to effectively discern which changes are critical and which are benign. The model posits that there is an optimal level of cognitive load that allows organisms to respond adeptly to environmental shifts without becoming overwhelmed. 



This balance enables organisms to allocate their resources efficiently, maintaining focus on the most pertinent environmental cues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-human-learning">Implications for human learning</h2>



The principles outlined by this model hold potential implications for understanding human learning processes, particularly in educational and professional settings. 



As we encounter ever-growing volumes of information, determining an optimal learning rate becomes crucial. 



Educators can harness insights from the model to design curricula that sync with the natural pace of learning, ensuring students grasp <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drunk-animals-may-explain-humans-love-of-alcohol/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex concepts</a> without succumbing to cognitive fatigue. 



In the workplace, this understanding could lead to tailored training programs that align with an employee's ability to absorb new information, promoting a more innovative and adaptive workforce.



By drawing parallels between the learning strategies of animals and humans, this model enriches our approach to education and lifelong learning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metabolic-costs-and-learning">Metabolic costs and learning</h2>



Additionally, the researchers evaluated how learning capability interacts with the metabolic costs of maintaining life in animals. 



They propose that for smaller, short-lived beings like insects, the costs of learning and memory are critical. For larger, long-lived creatures like mammals, the metabolic costs overshadow the costs of learning.



This suggests that short-lived organisms like insects have well-rounded memories tailored to their environments. 



“In contrast, larger organisms like elephants have longer memories, but exactly how long they retain information may have more to do with non-learning costs or other types of environments such as social groups which impose further cognitive demands,” said Lee.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-and-memory-of-animals">Learning and memory of animals</h2>



Ultimately, the model serves as a quantitative mechanism to discern how organisms juggle learning demands and survival imperatives in our ever-evolving world.



The results point towards an optimal pace of adaptation that's in sync with the speed of environmental change and lifespan of the organism, touching every rung of the ladder of life - from microbes to humans.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.1606" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Animal learning speed: Keeping pace with a changing environment

Every organism on this planet, from the tiniest bacterium to...

In a remarkable development in the fight against wildlife trafficking, African giant pouched rats have been trained to detect pangolin scales, elephant ivory, rhino horn, and African blackwood.&nbsp;



Previously known for detecting explosives and tuberculosis, these rodents are proving to be versatile allies in conservation efforts.



“Our study shows that we can train African giant pouched rats to detect illegally trafficked wildlife, even when it has been concealed among other substances,” said lead author Isabelle Szott, a researcher at the <a href="https://okeanos-foundation.org/">Okeanos Foundation</a>. 



“The rats also continued to detect the wildlife targets after not encountering that species for a long period,” added co-author Kate Webb, an assistant professor in psychiatry and behavioral sciences at <a href="https://duke.edu/">Duke University</a>.



The study was conducted at <a href="https://apopo.org/">APOPO</a>, a non-profit organization based in Tanzania that develops low-tech, cost-effective solutions to humanitarian challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rats-in-the-fight-against-wildlife-trafficking">Rats in the fight against wildlife trafficking</h2>



To prepare for the detection tasks, the rats - Kirsty, Marty, Attenborough, Irwin, Betty, Teddy, Ivory, Ebony, Desmond, Thoreau, and Fossey (many named after renowned conservationists) - underwent a series of training stages.&nbsp;



Each rat learned to recognize specific wildlife scents through what researchers called “indication training,” where the rats held their noses over a scented target for a few seconds. A correct response was rewarded with flavored rodent pellets, motivating them to repeat the behavior.



As their training progressed, the rats were introduced to various non-target scents such as electric cables, coffee beans, and washing powder - substances often used by traffickers to mask wildlife scents.&nbsp;



“During the discrimination stage, rats learn to only signal the odors of the wildlife targets while ignoring non-targets,” Szott explained.



The study demonstrated the rats’ impressive retention <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-that-rats-have-an-imagination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">abilities</a>. After periods of five and eight months without exposure to the target scents, the rats could still recognize them with perfect retention scores, a level of cognitive retention comparable to that of trained <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-smell-human-stress-and-it-makes-them-feel-gloomy/">dogs</a>. 



By the end of the training program, eight rats successfully identified four wildlife species from 146 other substances commonly found in shipping cargo.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rats-are-a-practical-solution">Rats are a practical solution </h2>



“Existing screening tools are expensive and time intensive, and there is an urgent need to increase cargo screening. APOPO's rats are cost-efficient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-nose-is-a-clever-smell-prediction-system/">scent detection</a> tools,” said Szott.



“They can easily access tight spaces like cargo in packed shipping containers or be lifted up high to screen the ventilation systems of sealed containers.”&nbsp;



Given their size and agility, these rats offer a practical solution for wildlife detection in various port and cargo environments.



The research team’s next objective is to adapt these rats for use at international ports. To achieve this, the rats will wear specially designed vests fitted with a small pull cord. When they detect a target scent, they can pull the cord to emit a beeping sound, signaling their handler.



“The vests are a great example of developing hardware that could be useful across different settings and tasks, including at a shipping port to detect smuggled wildlife,” Webb said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-future-development">Challenges and future development</h2>



This study, while promising, does face some limitations. For instance, the research was conducted in a controlled environment that differs significantly from the busy, noisy, and variable conditions typically found at ports and trafficking checkpoints.&nbsp;



Deploying rats in real-world settings will require additional testing and adjustments to ensure their effectiveness and reliability under less predictable conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-research-nbsp">Broader implications of the research&nbsp;</h2>



Furthermore, while the current study focused solely on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-are-using-forensic-science-to-fight-wildlife-trafficking/">wildlife trafficking</a>, researchers believe that these detection skills could also aid in other efforts to disrupt organized crime.&nbsp;



“Wildlife smuggling is often conducted by individuals engaged in other illegal activities, including human, drug, and arms trafficking,” Webb noted. “Therefore, deploying rats to combat wildlife trafficking may assist with the global fight against networks that exploit humans and nature.”



This study opens new avenues for wildlife <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/">conservation</a> and anti-trafficking measures. If African giant pouched rats can effectively identify and signal the presence of endangered species products, they could become a critical component in stopping illegal wildlife trade and reducing its impact on vulnerable species.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2024.1444126">Frontiers in Conservation Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Rats can sniff out horns and tusks to combat wildlife trafficking

In a remarkable development in the fight against wildlife trafficking,...

Tales of animals appearing “drunk” after eating fermented fruit have circulated for years. Still, many scientists believed that ethanol consumption among wild animals was rare and largely accidental.&nbsp;



Challenging this assumption, ecologists now argue that animals frequently consume low levels of alcohol in their natural diets.&nbsp;



Published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2024.09.005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>, a new review suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oriental-hornets-have-the-highest-alcohol-tolerance-of-any-animal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol</a> is ubiquitous across ecosystems and regularly consumed by many fruit- and nectar-eating species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-ethanol-in-nature">The role of ethanol in nature</h2>



Behavioral ecologist Kimberley Hockings of the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a> believes that this finding broadens our understanding of ethanol’s role in nature.&nbsp;



“We’re moving away from this anthropocentric view that ethanol is just something that humans use,” she said. “It’s much more abundant in the natural world than we previously thought, and most animals that eat sugary fruits are going to be exposed to some level of ethanol.”&nbsp;



This perspective emphasizes that ethanol isn’t unique to human consumption but rather a natural compound that animals regularly encounter in their environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ethanol-dates-back-100-million-years">Ethanol dates back 100 million years</h2>



The presence of ethanol in the environment dates back approximately 100 million years, around the time <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-of-life-created-for-flowering-plants-using-400-million-specimens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowering plants</a> began to flourish.&nbsp;



These plants produce sugars in nectar and fruits, creating an ideal environment for yeast fermentation, which naturally generates ethanol.&nbsp;



Today, ethanol is present in ecosystems worldwide, with tropical and humid regions showing higher concentrations due to more consistent warmth and moisture.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alcohol-in-fermented-fruits">Alcohol in fermented fruits</h2>



In most cases, fermented fruits have alcohol levels of 1%-2% by volume (ABV), though over-ripe fruits, such as some palm fruits in Panama, have been found to reach up to 10.2% ABV.



Long before the appearance of ethanol-producing yeast, animals had already evolved genes to break down ethanol. Evidence suggests that evolution further adapted these genes for mammals and birds that consume fruit and nectar regularly, particularly in species like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-may-have-inherited-a-love-of-alcohol-from-monkeys/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primates</a> and treeshrews.&nbsp;



This evolutionary adjustment likely enabled animals to tolerate the presence of ethanol in their food sources, allowing them to consume it without experiencing severe intoxication.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animals-need-the-calories-in-alcohol">Animals need the calories in alcohol</h2>



“From an ecological perspective, it is not advantageous to be inebriated as you’re climbing around in the trees or surrounded by predators at night - that’s a recipe for not having your genes passed on,” said co-author Matthew Carrigan, a molecular ecologist at the <a href="https://www.cf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">College of Central Florida</a>.&nbsp;



“It’s the opposite of humans who want to get intoxicated but don’t really want the calories - from the non-human perspective, the animals want the calories but not the inebriation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-animal-alcohol-consumption">Benefits of animal alcohol consumption</h2>



Though researchers are still investigating whether animals actively seek out ethanol, it’s becoming clear that its consumption may offer several benefits.&nbsp;



First and foremost, ethanol provides an additional source of calories, which is vital for survival. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fermented-foods-combat-depression-and-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fermentation</a> also releases odorous compounds that can lead animals to food, although it remains uncertain if animals are capable of detecting ethanol itself or are simply drawn to the overall scent of fermentation.



In addition to being a source of energy, ethanol may have protective effects against certain environmental threats. For example, fruit flies lay eggs in ethanol-containing substrates, which can deter parasites.&nbsp;



Likewise, when parasitized by wasps, fruit fly larvae increase their ethanol consumption as a protective measure. Ethanol could have other biochemical or medicinal benefits in wild animals, an area researchers are keen to explore further.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-effects-on-animal-behavior-nbsp">Potential effects on animal behavior&nbsp;</h2>



“On the cognitive side, ideas have been put forward that ethanol can trigger the endorphin and dopamine system, which leads to feelings of relaxation that could have benefits in terms of sociality,” adds lead author Anna Bowland, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Exeter.&nbsp;



“To test that, we’d really need to know if ethanol is producing a physiological response in the wild.”&nbsp;



Such a physiological response could mean that ethanol’s presence in animals’ diets has broader social or psychological impacts, potentially influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-tool-superanimal-can-accurately-analyze-animal-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal behavior</a> in subtle ways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-questions-remain-nbsp">Many questions remain&nbsp;</h2>



Despite these intriguing insights, the extent and implications of ethanol consumption in wild animals remain largely unknown.&nbsp;



The research team plans to examine the behavioral and social effects of ethanol intake in primates and investigate how alcohol-metabolizing enzymes function across species.&nbsp;



They are particularly interested in whether animals consume ethanol intentionally or if it’s simply a byproduct of their search for food.&nbsp;



This question opens the door to understanding how evolution might have shaped animals’ ability to tolerate or benefit from low ethanol levels in their diets.



“To really understand if animals consume ethanol intentionally, we need to observe how they interact with ethanol-containing fruits in their natural habitats,” Hockings said.&nbsp;



These future studies could reveal whether ethanol has played an adaptive role in the diets of certain species, and if so, what evolutionary benefits it may have conferred.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alcohol-in-the-animal-kingdom">Alcohol in the animal kingdom</h2>



This research challenges the assumption that ethanol consumption is unique to humans and raises new questions about its evolutionary significance for nonhuman species.&nbsp;



By exploring the role of ethanol in natural ecosystems, scientists may uncover previously overlooked benefits that ethanol offers animals.&nbsp;



Understanding how animals consume and process ethanol could reveal broader ecological patterns and even help us trace the evolutionary origins of how different species interact with this potent molecule.



“There is much more to learn about how ethanol affects wildlife and whether it plays a larger part in the ecological relationships that shape species interactions and evolution,” Carrigan concluded.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

‘Drunk animals’ may explain humans’ love of alcohol

Tales of animals appearing “drunk” after eating fermented fruit have...

A recent study has revealed the extraordinary capacity for reverse development in the ctenophore, or comb jelly, specifically in the species Mnemiopsis leidyi.&nbsp;Comb jellies seem to use the strategy of aging in reverse as a survival strategy when they are under pressure.



This surprising discovery, led by the <a href="https://www.uib.no/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bergen</a>, has added fresh perspectives to the field of developmental biology, suggesting that life cycle plasticity might be more prevalent in the animal kingdom than previously assumed.



Traditionally, animal life cycles follow a well-established sequence: birth, growth, reproduction, and death. Only a few exceptions defy this pattern, such as the “immortal jellyfish” Turritopsis dohrnii, known for its ability to revert from an adult medusa to a polyp stage.&nbsp;



Now, this remarkable club of life-cycle-reversing organisms includes the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-comb-jellies-survive-crushing-pressure-in-the-deep-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comb jelly</a> Mnemiopsis leidyi, adding a new chapter to what is understood about animal regeneration and development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycle-plasticity-and-rejuvenation">Life cycle plasticity and rejuvenation</h2>



The discovery happened by chance during routine laboratory observations. Joan J. Soto-Angel, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Bergen, first noticed an adult Mnemiopsis that seemingly morphed into a larval form.&nbsp;



“The work challenges our understanding of early animal development and body plans, opening new avenues for the study of life cycle plasticity and rejuvenation,” he said. “Witnessing how they slowly transition to a typical cydippid larva as if they were going back in time, was simply fascinating.”



Intrigued by this unexpected transformation, Soto-Angel, together with Pawel Burkhardt from the Michael Sars Center at the University of Bergen, conducted controlled experiments to test whether this reversion could be consistently triggered.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comb-jellies-aging-in-reverse">Comb jellies aging in reverse</h2>



Under conditions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-eats-away-our-brains-cognitive-defenses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stress</a>, such as starvation and physical injury, the Mnemiopsis displayed an ability to revert from its lobate adult form to a juvenile-like cydippid stage.&nbsp;



Over several weeks, the specimens not only shifted their physical characteristics but also adopted feeding behaviors typical of the larval stage.&nbsp;



This ability to transform fundamentally alters the way scientists understand life cycle stages and development in early animal lineages.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-regeneration-research">Implications for regeneration research</h2>



The implications of these findings reach beyond ctenophores themselves. “The fact that we have found a new species that uses this peculiar 'time-travel machine' raises fascinating questions about how widespread this capacity is across the animal tree of life,” Soto-Angel noted.&nbsp;



Ctenophores are among the earliest diverging animal lineages, so this newly discovered plasticity could represent an ancestral trait retained from early evolutionary history.



“This fascinating finding will open the door for many important discoveries,” Burkhardt added. “It will be interesting to reveal the molecular mechanism driving reverse development, and what happens to the animal’s nerve net during this process.”&nbsp;



Understanding how nerve structures adapt or are preserved during such drastic transitions could provide insights relevant to neurobiology and regenerative medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aging-in-reverse-for-survival">Aging in reverse for survival</h2>



Reverse development might have evolved as an adaptive survival strategy, allowing organisms to respond to environmental challenges by resetting to a simpler developmental stage.&nbsp;



The reversion observed in Mnemiopsis leidyi under stressful conditions could be an evolved mechanism to increase resilience, conserving resources until conditions improve.



The new evidence prompts questions regarding how these mechanisms are regulated and whether similar processes could be found in other species, particularly in more complex organisms.&nbsp;



The ability of comb jellies to revert to a juvenile form could carry implications for how scientists approach the study of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-reversed-aging-in-mice-by-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>, cellular repair, and tissue regeneration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-horizons-in-developmental-biology">New horizons in developmental biology</h2>



The discovery paves the way for future research into developmental flexibility and regeneration. Revealing the molecular mechanisms that facilitate this reverse development will be key to understanding not just ctenophores but potentially broader biological processes.



The findings challenge previously held notions that complex life cycles are irreversible, showing that under certain conditions, some species can alter their developmental trajectory.&nbsp;



This opens new questions about how widespread such capabilities may be and whether they exist, undiscovered, in other branches of the animal kingdom.



In conclusion, this breakthrough in studying Mnemiopsis leidyi has added a significant piece to the puzzle of evolutionary biology, demonstrating that the potential for life cycle reversal and developmental plasticity could be more common than once believed.&nbsp;



The research not only provides new insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-story-of-early-animal-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early animal evolution</a> but also presents exciting opportunities for studying regeneration, aging, and cellular processes in broader biological contexts.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Aging in reverse: Comb jellies can transform from adult to juvenile 

A recent study has revealed the extraordinary capacity for reverse...

The mythical chupacabra, with its gray, scaly skin, protruding spines, and fangs, has intrigued and frightened communities across the Americas for decades. Known for allegedly preying on small livestock, this monster has spawned numerous legends and origin stories.&nbsp;



However, according to John Tomeček, a wildlife expert from <a href="https://agriliferesearch.tamu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research</a>, the real explanation for these sightings is rooted in science, not the supernatural.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-explanation-for-chupacabra-sightings">Scientific explanation for chupacabra sightings</h2>



Tomeček, an associate professor in the Department of Rangeland, Wildlife, and Fisheries Management at Texas A&amp;M, suggests that many reported sightings of the chupacabra are actually cases of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coyotes-can-make-puppy-dog-eyes-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coyotes</a> suffering from advanced stages of mange. 



“Mange is a debilitating disease that can infect a wide range of fur-bearing mammals,” explained Tomeček.&nbsp;



The disease, caused by microscopic mites that burrow into the skin, leads to intense irritation, fur loss, scabbing, and thickening of the skin.



Tomeček notes that as mange progresses, it follows a particular pattern on the animal's body.&nbsp;



“On canids, the last place they lose fur is right between the shoulder blades in an area that we call the ruff,” he said. This pattern can create the appearance of spines or ridges, aligning with descriptions of the chupacabra.&nbsp;



The extreme emaciation and weakened state of mange-infested animals further contribute to their eerie, otherworldly appearance, especially when seen in the dim light of dawn or dusk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavioral-changes-in-sick-wildlife">Behavioral changes in sick wildlife</h2>



The advanced stages of mange not only alter the appearance of animals but also change their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-tool-superanimal-can-accurately-analyze-animal-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior</a>, making them more desperate and bold in their search for food. This desperation can lead to encounters with humans and livestock that would typically be avoided. 



“When you have a coyote that is in late-stage mange, they are bolder as far as approaching residential areas to find food because they are desperate,” Tomeček explained. “They're taking risks that an otherwise healthy animal wouldn't take.”



The legend of the chupacabra, which translates to “goat sucker” from Spanish, originated in Puerto Rico, where reports of livestock deaths with drained blood first emerged.&nbsp;



Tomeček suggests that these behaviors align with those of a sick predator. Infected animals may target small, confined livestock that are easier to catch than wild prey, which tend to be more agile and alert.&nbsp;



The characteristic puncture wounds often found on these animals also correspond to the predation style of coyotes.&nbsp;



“Coyotes' mouths are not good at getting and maintaining a grip, so they have to re-bite,” Tomeček noted, which can result in puncture wounds that lead to significant blood loss.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-misinterpreting-the-signs-of-predation">Misinterpreting the signs of predation</h2>



Tomeček also addressed the myth that chupacabras completely drain their prey of blood. He explained that this perception might stem from a misunderstanding of how blood settles and coagulates in a dead animal, creating the appearance of an empty circulatory system.



While sick animals may be more likely to venture into human areas, Tomeček stressed that their increased boldness does not necessarily mean aggression.&nbsp;



“I always make the distinction between an animal being bold and an animal being aggressive,” he said. “Being bold just means an animal is taking risks and doing things that they normally wouldn't because they're desperate.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encounters-with-mange-infected-wildlife">Encounters with mange-infected wildlife</h2>



Given that mange can be transmitted to both humans and domestic animals, Tomeček advises caution when encountering infected <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-wildlife-overlap-is-rapidly-rising-across-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a>. 



He recommends securing pets and contacting local wildlife officials, such as county wildlife biologists with the <a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas Parks and Wildlife Department</a>, rather than approaching the animal directly.



Tomeček also highlighted the importance of ensuring that the animal in question is not a domestic pet suffering from mange before considering any action.&nbsp;



“There are no known preventative measures for mange, but if you live in a region where the disease is common, it would be wise to consider a regular bathing regime for your working and companion animals that includes some sort of acaricide treatment,” he advised, urging pet owners to seek appropriate veterinary care when necessary.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-the-myth-of-the-chupacabra">Beyond the myth of the chupacabra </h2>



While the folklore of the chupacabra can capture the imagination, Tomeček emphasizes the need to focus on the scientific reality behind these sightings.&nbsp;



“When dealing with a 'chupacabra,' we are dealing with a real animal - typically a coyote - that's experiencing a serious health problem,” he said. “Treat the situation accordingly so we can help steward our wildlife resources.”



By shedding light on the science behind the chupacabra phenomenon, Tomeček hopes to encourage a better understanding of wildlife health issues like mange and promote responsible management of the animals that share our ecosystems.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Spooky stories of the blood-sucking chupacabra: Fact or fiction?

The mythical chupacabra, with its gray, scaly skin, protruding spines,...

The giant clam - celebrated for its vibrant, mesmerizing mantle and unique, curved shell - now stands on the edge of extinction. Over the past century, its population has plummeted by an astounding 80 percent.



Recently, a team of researchers led by Ruiqi Li from the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a> sounded the alarm on this critical situation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status-of-the-giant-clam">Conservation status of the giant clam</h2>



The team's efforts have prompted a critical shift in the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) approach to protecting these animals.



Thanks to this research, the IUCN has reclassified the giant clam, moving its status from "vulnerable" to "critically endangered."



This red list status indicates that the species is just one step away from completely vanishing the wild. The IUCN also revised the statuses of 11 other species that are part of the giant clam family.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-importance-of-giant-clams">Ecological importance of giant clams</h2>



The two primary stressors that are driving the decline of giant clams are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overfishing</a> and climate change.



“Along with coral reefs, these clams provide important habitats for other creatures living in the reefs,” noted Li. 



“They are also important nutrient producers in shallow ocean water, which is generally deprived of food. If the giant clam becomes extinct, it will have significant ecological impacts on tropical oceans.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-halting-the-sixth-mass-extinction">Halting the sixth mass extinction </h2>



The IUCN's recent announcement coincides with the 2024 United Nations Biodiversity Conference (COP16) in Colombia. 



Representatives from 175 nations are gathering to debate measures to halt the "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-sixth-mass-extinction-is-currently-in-progress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sixth mass extinction</a>," a severe loss of biodiversity due to human activities. 



The World Wildlife Fund's estimates reveal that global marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildlife-populations-declined-dramatically-in-recent-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife has shrunk</a> by 56% since 1970, highlighting the gravity of the situation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ocean-s-largest-bivalve">The ocean’s largest bivalve</h2>



The giant clam, Tridacna gigas, is perhaps the most iconic of all clam species. Known as the world’s largest marine bivalve, it can reach an impressive 4.5 feet in length and weigh over 700 pounds.



This remarkable creature thrives in the shallow, tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, from the coasts of Malaysia to Australia and Fiji.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-research-on-marine-invertebrates">Lack of research on marine invertebrates </h2>



The growth mechanisms of T. gigas remain a puzzle for scientists. Like corals, these clams have a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/remarkable-symbiotic-relationship-found-in-the-deep-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">symbiotic relationship</a> with algae living within them. The clams offer the algae a safe habitat, while the algae provide essential nutrients that help the clams survive.



The last time their population came under scientific scrutiny was in 1996 when the IUCN labeled T. gigas as "vulnerable" in its Red List of Threatened Species. 



Due to inadequate research efforts, the previous assessment failed to consider several other giant clam species.



According to Li, there's a persistent issue in the conservation world. Marine invertebrates often get sidelined as the focus tends to gravitate towards mammals and birds due to their appeal and familiarity. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-clams-becoming-locally-extinct">Giant clams becoming locally extinct</h2>



In collaboration with experts at the Senckenberg Natural History Museum in Germany, and Neo Mei Lin from the National University of Singapore, Li embarked on a reassessment of all 12 giant clam species.



The team made a sobering discovery indicating that T. gigas has become locally extinct in numerous regions where it used to thrive, such as Taiwan. The overall population of T. gigas has seen a precipitous decline of 84% over the past century.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-beauty-under-threat">Unique beauty under threat</h2>



Giant clam species are renowned for their stunning mantles - the flesh that lines the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shellfish-consumed-by-humans-are-ironically-more-resistant-to-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shell</a>.



Intriguingly, even among the same species, the mantles' color patterns display substantial variation, rendering each clam unique. Many parts of the world harvest these clams for their meat or as decorative shells.



Climate change poses another significant threat, causing the clams to expel the beneficial algae in their tissues when the ocean water heats up excessively. Without these algae, the clams risk starvation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protections-for-giant-clams">Protections for giant clams</h2>



The updated Red List now accommodates some recently discovered species under the "data deficiency" category, opening the doors to future research. 



Li emphasized that despite invertebrates like insects and mollusks accounting for over 95% of the world's total animal biodiversity, they often remain out of attention. There is still a treasure trove of yet-to-be-discovered species.



Efforts to safeguard the giant clams have garnered momentum. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has proposed that ten giant clam species, including T. gigas, should be listed under the Endangered Species Act.



If approved, this would provide these giant clams with legal protection in the U.S., prohibiting the harvesting and trade of wild specimens. Li has backed this move by submitting his assessment to NOAA.



"As a biologist, I'm working on translating findings from my research into policy changes, but not enough biologists are doing this," said Li. "I hope to encourage more biologists to devote time to population assessment and conservation."



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Giant clams have vanished from places where they used to thrive

The giant clam - celebrated for its vibrant, mesmerizing mantle...

There's a common saying that there is strength in numbers. We usually associate this with the idea of unity and group power. Yet, scientists are discovering that in the aquatic realm, this is not necessarily the case. Fish that swarm together don't seem to have the advantage of safety in numbers.



The research shows that large groups of fish often make a bigger, more attractive target for predators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-swarms-in-the-arctic">Fish swarms in the Arctic</h2>



This discovery was made by <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a> and Norwegian oceanographers during an exploration of a large patch of ocean off the coast of Norway.



The researchers conducted the study during the height of the capelin's spawning season. Capelin are tiny Arctic fish, about the size of an anchovy, that migrate southward each February from the Arctic ice sheet edges to the Norwegian coast to lay their eggs.



The same coastline also happens to be a pitstop for the Atlantic cod, the capelin's main predator. The scientists watched as the cod followed the capelin south, feeding on the small fish as they <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/striped-marlin-demonstrate-the-advantages-of-group-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spawned</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-fish-predation-event">Massive fish predation event</h2>



Reporting these findings in the journal Nature Communications Biology, the MIT team captured interactions between migrating cod and spawning capelin over a vast area.



Using a sonic-based imaging technique, the researchers observed as random capelin began forming a massive shoal. Almost as if in response to this, individual cod also began grouping together, forming an enormous shoal of their own.



Before anyone had time to blink, the cod had descended upon the capelin. They consumed over 10 million of the gathered fish. This quick, dramatic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthquake-swarms-the-latest-hazard-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">encounter</a> is the largest known predation event ever recorded, both in terms of the number of individuals involved and the area where it took place.



Despite the sheer size of this event and the numbers consumed, it had minimal impact on the capelin population as a whole. The devoured shoal represented only 0.1 percent of the capelin that spawn in the region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-stressor-for-survival">Climate change: Stressor for survival</h2>



However, as climate change pushes the Arctic ice sheet to retreat, the capelin will have to swim longer distances to spawn. This not only puts more stress on the fish swarms but also makes them more vulnerable to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-shift-to-forage-fish-could-prevent-millions-of-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural predation events</a> like the one the research team observed.



“In our work we are seeing that natural catastrophic predation events can change the local predator prey balance in a matter of hours,”&nbsp;said Nicholas Makris, professor of mechanical and ocean engineering at MIT.



“That’s not an issue for a healthy population with many spatially distributed population centers or ecological hotspots."



"But as the number of these hotspots deceases due to climate and anthropogenic stresses, the kind of natural ‘catastrophic’ predation event we witnessed of a keystone species could lead to dramatic consequences for that species as well as the many species dependent on them.”



Makris' co-authors on the paper are Shourav Pednekar and Ankita Jain at MIT, along with Olav Rune Godø of the <a href="https://www.hi.no/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Marine Research</a> in Norway.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-the-fish-swarms">Monitoring the fish swarms</h2>



How did the team observe this interaction of life and death in the middle of the ocean? It all comes down to technology. 



The experts deployed the Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) system. This sonic imaging approach uses a vertical acoustic array attached to a boat's bottom to send sound waves down into the ocean, which then scatter in all directions.



A second boat towing an array of acoustic receivers picks up the reflected waves. These can come from as far as tens of kilometers away. 



The scientists can then analyze the collected waveforms to create instantaneous maps of the ocean over a vast area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resonance-of-swim-bladders">Resonance of swim bladders</h2>



In this particular study, the researchers employed a "multispectral" technique to differentiate between fish species. They based this distinction on the unique acoustic resonance of the fish's swim bladders.



“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aquaculture-impacts-wild-fish-much-more-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fish</a> have swim bladders that resonate like bells,” noted Makris. “Cod have large swim bladders that have a low resonance, like a Big Ben bell, whereas capelin have tiny swim bladders that resonate like the highest notes on a piano.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-predation-studies">Future of predation studies</h2>



The researchers have paved the way for future studies on predation of fish swarms.



“It’s been shown time and again that, when a population is on the verge of collapse, you will have that one last shoal. And when that last big, dense group is gone, there’s a collapse,” said Makris. “So you’ve got to know what’s there before it’s gone, because the pressures are not in their favor.”



The research was supported, in part, by the U.S. Office of Naval Research and the Institute of Marine Research in Norway.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06952-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Biology</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Largest predation event ever witnessed involved millions of fish

There's a common saying that there is strength in numbers....

Between 635 to 541 million years ago, during the Ediacaran Period, Earth witnessed a remarkable emergence of early life in the form of multicellular organisms. These weren't just tiny microbes; some were over three feet long and could move around. 



What could have triggered this sudden burst of life?



John Tarduno, a professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the <a href="http://www.rochester.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Rochester</a>, thinks he might have an answer. His team studied Earth's ancient magnetic field and found something intriguing.



Tarduno and his colleagues discovered that Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic field</a> during the Ediacaran Period was up to 30 times weaker than it is today. 



This ultra-weak field lasted for at least 26 million years -- the weakest it's ever been, according to their data.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-earth-s-magnetic-field">Importance of Earth's magnetic field</h2>



But why does this matter? Earth's magnetic field basically serves as our planet's invisible shield against all of the nasty stuff in the universe that would immediately kill all life on the planet.



It deflects harmful solar radiation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-rays-help-archaeologists-determine-age-discoveries-prehistoric-settlements/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic rays</a> that would otherwise strip away our atmosphere and expose us to levels of radiation that would be devastating.



Without this magnetic protection, not only could we get fried by cosmic rays, but we might also lose our water and essential gases to space -- making Earth a far less hospitable place to live.



Without it, life as we know it wouldn't be possible. So, if the field was so weak back then, how did <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ecosystem-behavior-earth-first-sea-creatures-stirring-water-drove-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life manage to flourish</a>?



Well, the timing caught the researchers' attention. The appearance of these large, mobile creatures coincided with the weakest magnetic field on record. 



Tarduno explains, “They were notable for their resemblance to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-of-earths-earliest-animals-found-in-australia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early animals</a> -- some even reached more than a meter in size and were mobile, indicating they probably needed more oxygen compared to earlier life forms.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weak-magnetism-linked-to-oxygen-levels">Weak magnetism linked to oxygen levels</h2>



This led them to think about how environmental factors, especially oxygen levels in the atmosphere and oceans, might have played a role. 



If the magnetic field was weak, more charged particles from the sun could strip away hydrogen from our atmosphere. With less hydrogen to react with, oxygen levels could rise.



Imagine that: a weaker shield leading to more oxygen, which in turn supports larger and more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-first-animals-were-very-picky-about-where-they-lived/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex life forms</a>. It's a bit counterintuitive, isn't it?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-answers-in-ancient-rocks">Finding answers in ancient rocks</h2>



To dig deeper, Tarduno's team used some high-tech tools. They examined ancient crystals called feldspar and pyroxene from a type of rock known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-origins-of-earths-largest-igneous-rocks-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anorthosite</a>. 



By studying the magnetism locked inside these crystals, they pieced together a timeline of Earth's magnetic field.



Using a CO₂ laser and a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, they measured the magnetic signals with great precision. 



Their findings painted a picture of an Earth with a very weak magnetic field during a critical time in life's history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-earth-s-atmosphere-and-life">Implications for Earth's atmosphere and life</h2>



A weaker magnetic field means more solar particles hitting the atmosphere, which can strip away light <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hydrothermal-vents-earths-first-living-beings-hydrogen-gas-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elements like hydrogen</a>. 



Over tens of millions of years, this loss of hydrogen could lead to more oxygen hanging around. And more oxygen means more fuel for complex organisms.



Tarduno and his team suggest that this increase in oxygen may have been just what these early creatures needed to thrive. 



“If the extraordinarily weak field had remained after the Ediacaran, Earth might look very different from the water-rich planet it is today: water loss might have gradually dried Earth,” he notes.



Luckily for us, Earth's magnetic field bounced back during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-did-the-first-animals-appear-on-earth-we-are-now-one-step-closer-to-knowing-the-answer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambrian Period</a>, which followed the Ediacaran. This stronger field provided better protection, allowing life to continue evolving.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-earth">Looking beyond Earth</h2>



So, what does all this mean? For one, it highlights how interconnected our planet's systems are. 



Processes deep within <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-inner-core-rotation-has-begun-moving-backwards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's core</a> can have a big impact on life on the surface. It's also a reminder that when we think about the possibility of life on other planets, we need to consider not just the surface conditions but what's happening deep inside.



“It’s fascinating to think that processes in Earth’s core could be linked ultimately to evolution,” Tarduno explained. “As we think about the possibility of life elsewhere, we also need to consider how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/europa-clipper-will-search-for-signs-of-life-on-jupiters-icy-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interiors of planets</a> form and develop.”



This research opens up new questions. Could other planets with weak magnetic fields have seen similar bursts of life? Or does Earth's unique history make it one of a kind?



As we explore these ideas, it's clear there's still so much to learn about our own planet's past. The Ediacaran Period might have been a time when Earth's defenses were down, but life found a way to take advantage of it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-magnetic-fields-and-life">Earth, magnetic fields, and life</h2>



To sum it all up, understanding the interplay between Earth's magnetic field and the rise of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-life-emerged-1-5-billion-years-earlier-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex life</a> gives us a whole new appreciation for our planet's history. 



It's wild to think that a weaker magnetic shield, which is supposed to protect life on Earth, might have actually helped life flourish by boosting oxygen levels.



This unexpected connection highlights just how intertwined Earth's systems are -- from deep within its core all the way to the organisms roaming its surface.



As we keep digging (sometimes literally) into these ancient mysteries, we're reminded that there's still so much to learn about how life evolves. 



One thing's for sure: studies like John Tarduno's help us piece together our own story and get us thinking about life's possibilities elsewhere in the universe. 



After all, if something as subtle as a magnetic field can tip the scales, the potential for life beyond Earth might be greater than we ever imagined.



The full study was published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01360-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Earth had an issue 600 million years ago that may have kickstarted complex life

Between 635 to 541 million years ago, during the Ediacaran...

Deep in Antarctica's Erebus Bay lives the robust Weddell seal, the southernmost mammal in the world. You're acquainted with the seals, but how much do you really know about them? 



When at rest on the icy plains, they bear resemblance to an overfed feline sprawled languidly on a rug. Yet, the comparison stops at appearances. 



Weddell <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-seals-have-genetic-scars-from-intense-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seals</a> are phenomenal divers. Their intriguing underwater exploits have marked records of over 900 meters (2,952 feet) deep dives, some extending to a mind-boggling 96 minutes.



But what's even more fascinating is their recent diving escapade that has caught the attention of marine researchers worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diving-strategy-of-weddell-seals">Diving strategy of Weddell seals</h2>



Researchers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) have discovered a novel dive foraging strategy used by Weddell seals.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fascinating-mating-behaviors-of-leopard-seals-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seals</a>, it seems, have learned to play the tactical game of survival by striking a delicate balance between their breath-holding expeditions and maximizing the use of seasonal Antarctic light.



According to the study, the seals conduct their deepest, most prolonged dives right at the start of the day, instead of during the sun-bathed peak hours.



“These extreme dives require longer recuperation times once the seals return to the surface," said lead author&nbsp;<a href="http://www.shero-lab.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michelle Shero</a>, an assistant scientist in biology at <a href="https://www.whoi.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WHOI</a>.



"So, if the seals make extreme dives in the middle of the day when it is maximum light&nbsp;- there may be lots of prey around that are easy to see, but the seals would still ‘miss out’ because they’d have to spend a lot of time recuperating.&nbsp;Not&nbsp;conducting extreme dives when prey is most accessible, may actually be the best strategy.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foraging-in-different-light-conditions">Foraging in different light conditions </h2>



What the research team witnessed was these animals under varying light conditions, counting daylight 24/7, a mix of day and night, and then dark 24/7. This provided a "natural experiment" to help understand how the seals' feeding strategies change with a range of light conditions.



“We expected that the seals would follow their food and that their deepest, longest dives might occur at midday when the sun is overhead," said Shero.



"But what we surprisingly found was that the seals appeared to actually avoid making their most extreme dives during midday, allowing the seals to keep diving over and over without having to pause for long.”



This avoidance effectively allows the seals to dive repeatedly without requiring lengthy pauses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategic-decisions-of-weddell-seals">Strategic decisions of Weddell seals</h2>



By avoiding peak-hour extreme dives, the seals effectively spend nearly all their time underwater, foraging under high-light conditions, which is best for visual hunters. 



"These animals are making very strategic decisions about when to make their long dives, so they can best interact with the daily-changing environment in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-are-intense-heat-waves-affecting-life-in-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic</a>, allowing them to maximize their prey," noted Shero.



Equipped with Conductivity Temperature Depth-Satellite Relay Dive Loggers, the research team collected data from 59 adult seals from the western Ross Sea in Antarctica, accounting for 8,913 seal days of behavioral data.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weddell-seals-plan-their-activities">Weddell seals plan their activities</h2>



Study co-author Professor Jennifer Burns is chair of the <a href="https://www.depts.ttu.edu/biology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Biological Sciences</a> at Texas Tech University, Lubbock.



"For me, one of the more surprising findings of this research was our discovery that Weddell seals 'plan' their activities in a much more nuanced way than I had previously appreciated,” said Professor Burns. 



“Not only did the seals shift the average depth and duration of their dives in response to current light levels, but they also made their longest and most taxing dives at times when their recovery period was least likely to negatively impact overall foraging success." 



"So not only were they planning when to forage, but it also seems that they were thinking ahead and planning when to rest.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-in-tune-with-their-surroundings">In tune with their surroundings </h2>



"Weddell seals live in one of the most hostile environments on the planet and need to keep their internal clock running during periods when the sun never sets or when the sun never rises," noted Daniel Costa, professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the <a href="https://www.ucsc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>.



"Our study found that they take great advantage of the periods of short-day length to make the longest dives that push their physiological ability to the extreme to do the most hunting when there is light to enable their search for food and or breathing holes in the ice."



The interpretation of the data has led to the realization that these seals are in tune with circadian rhythms and light levels while foraging in Antarctica. The research provides insights into the survival strategies of Weddell seals in one of the most rapidly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-will-the-antarctic-ice-sheet-collapse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">changing environments</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-07029-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Biology</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Weddell seals have a surprising survival strategy

Deep in Antarctica's Erebus Bay lives the robust Weddell seal,...

The African penguin, a symbol of joy and playfulness for many, is now critically endangered and on the verge of extinction.



The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has recently moved this species from the status of "Endangered" to "Critically Endangered."



The African penguin has lost 97 percent of its population, and unless we step up, they could vanish in less than 4,000 days.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-to-penguins">Threats to penguins</h2>



Penguins face <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emperor-penguins-are-struggling-to-survive-as-sea-ice-vanishes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">several threats</a>, with commercial fishing being one of the most severe. This practice is competing with African penguins for their main food sources, sardines and anchovies. The penguins are left hungry and struggling to breed.



The situation has become so dire that <a href="https://sanccob.co.za/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SANCCOB</a> and BirdLife South Africa are suing the South African government to ensure better protection for these birds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-penguins-on-the-verge-of-extinction">Penguins on the verge of extinction</h2>



It's not often that a species gets the dubious honor of being the first to meet certain criteria. However, the African penguin has become the first of 18 global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emperor-penguins-will-not-survive-the-current-rate-of-sea-ice-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">penguin species</a> to be classified as "Critically Endangered."



We cannot overlook the gravity of this situation. SANCCOB, BirdLife South Africa, and Blue Marine are raising their voices, appealing to the government and the global community to act now to save the endangered African penguin.



For conservationists worldwide, the <a href="https://iucn.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN</a> Red List is the gold-standard tool for assessing extinction risk. It's like a medical chart for biodiversity, indicating which species are at risk and which are critically close to extinction. 



To date, the IUCN Red List includes 163,040 species. Overall, 45,321 of these species are threatened with extinction.



The uplisting of the African penguin to "Critically Endangered" is a red flag, signaling the urgent need for collaborative action. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-competing-with-commercial-fishing">Competing with commercial fishing</h2>



African penguins inhabit six colonies that represent 76% of their global numbers. These colonies are located within no-take zones, where commercial fishing is prohibited.



However, these zones are falling short when it comes to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/enhanced-monitoring-of-emperor-penguins-can-help-us-save-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">penguin conservation</a>. They're not providing sufficient protection to feeding areas, forcing penguins to compete directly with commercial fisheries for their meals.



What's the solution? According to Dr. Alistair McInnes of BirdLife South Africa and Dr. Richard Sherley from the University of Exeter, we need to expand no-take zones.



These zones need to be carefully calibrated to provide substantial benefits to penguins without imposing disproportionate costs on the fishing industry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legal-action-for-african-penguins">Legal action for African penguins </h2>



SANCCOB and BirdLife South Africa are not watching from the sidelines. They have teamed up to initiate legal action against South Africa's Minister of Forestry, Fisheries, and the Environment.



These organizations are challenging what they call "biologically meaningless" island closures against purse-seine fishing around essential African Penguin colonies. In addition, they are rallying the international community through an OnlyOne petition. 



The goal? To push governments worldwide to take the necessary steps to protect African penguins from extinction. You can participate in this noble cause by <a href="https://only.one/act/save-african-penguins" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">signing the petition</a> and lending your voice to this urgent call for action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-role-of-african-penguins">Economic role of African penguins </h2>



The African penguin contributes significantly to ecotourism and the local economy. The total value of all penguin colonies, including the Boulders penguin colony, is estimated to be in the impressive range of R613 - 2,702 million per year.



“The IUCN uplisting to Critically Endangered means that the African penguins are just one step away from becoming extinct in the wild. SANCCOB will continue to fight for the future of this iconic species; we must remain optimistic that their trajectory can be reversed,” said Natalie Maskell, CEO of SANCCOB.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-faced-by-african-penguins">Challenges faced by African penguins</h2>



African penguins are facing more than just food shortages. They are also struggling with environmental changes that challenge their survival. For example, climate change has shifted ocean currents, affecting where their food is found.



Additionally, pollution from oil spills and plastic harms their habitat and health. Scientists are studying how these issues impact penguin populations, highlighting the need for strong conservation efforts. 



By understanding the various challenges faced by African penguins, we can create better solutions to help them recover.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-the-penguins-from-extinction">Saving the penguins from extinction </h2>



As we confront the reality of the African penguin’s predicament, it becomes increasingly clear that a coordinated global effort is essential to save penguins from extinction.



International conservation organizations, governments, and local communities must unite to implement sustainable solutions that reconcile penguin preservation with economic interests. 



Collaborative efforts could promote sustainable fishing practices, invest in habitat restoration, and develop adaptive management strategies that respond to changing marine conditions.



By embracing a shared responsibility for the African penguin's survival, we're not just preserving a species - we are upholding a legacy of biodiversity vital for ecological balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-the-future-of-our-planet">Protecting the future of our planet</h2>



“The African penguin’s uplisting to Critically Endangered highlights a much bigger problem with the health of our environment. Despite being well-known and studied, these penguins are still facing extinction, showing just how severe the damage to our ecosystems has become," said Dr. Richard Sherley, a lecturer at the University of Exeter.



"If a species as iconic as the African penguin is struggling to survive, it raises the question of how many other species are disappearing without us even noticing. We need to act now - not just for penguins, but to protect the broader biodiversity that is crucial for the planet’s future.”



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

African penguins have lost 97 percent of their population

The African penguin, a symbol of joy and playfulness for...

The warm, familiar image of hedgehogs has now turned into an alarming symbol of the ecological crisis our planet is facing.



Hedgehogs, once common in Europe, are now <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-predict-a-new-mass-extinction-that-will-wipe-out-humans-and-all-mammals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">struggling to survive</a>. Their habitats have decreased as a result of urban growth, intensive farming, and roads.



The IUCN has labeled them "near threatened" due to a significant population decline of 30% in the last decade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sudden-disappearance-of-hedgehogs">Sudden disappearance of hedgehogs</h2>



Frenzied urban development hasn't been kind to hedgehogs. The concrete jungle and polluted air have made their existence an uphill battle, but that's just part of the problem. 



Our high-speed roads have morphed into death traps for these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-european-hedgehog-lived-in-denmark/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">critters</a> - who aren't known for their swift movements.



Even the rural landscapes, once considered safe havens, have become hostile territories. Technologically advanced farming techniques, especially the rampant use of pesticides, have not only eliminated insects - a primary food source for hedgehogs, but also pose a potential poison threat to the hedgehogs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threat-of-hedgehog-extinction">Threat of hedgehog extinction</h2>



Even after concerted efforts by <a href="https://iucn.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN</a>, fully grasping the reasons behind the decline in hedgehog population remains a puzzle. 



“Unfortunately, evidence points towards a worrying and widespread downward trend. The red list assessment also highlights data uncertainties – for example, the limits of this species’ distribution are not entirely clear, and there are gaps in knowledge of its populations," said Abi Gazzard, a program officer at IUCN. 



"There is still a chance to halt the decline of the western European hedgehog, and we must aim to prevent any further worsening of status.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-hedgehogs-from-extinction">Saving hedgehogs from extinction</h2>



The Mammal Society is rallying the public to make their backyards and gardens more welcoming for hedgehogs. This could mean creating small passages in fences for their free movement, avoiding harmful pesticides, and setting up cozy shelters for them to rest.



“This decline will likely come as no surprise to the average person. When hedgehogs come up in conversation, it’s not long before someone says that they just don’t see them any more," said Hope Nothhelfer, a communications officer at the Mammal Society.



"The hope is that as hedgehogs become more and more like a distant memory from our childhoods, we will respond with action that will bring these memories back to life."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-red-list-revelations">Red List revelations</h2>



The hedgehog is not alone in its struggle. Many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-extinctions-shatter-the-harmonious-balance-of-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> worldwide are facing similar challenges. In fact, the IUCN's red list has been buzzing with shifts and changes.



The grey plover, for instance, has seen its population drop by over 30% since the late 1990s, landing it in the "vulnerable" category.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-need-a-boost">Conservation efforts need a boost</h2>



With these distressing circumstances, global conservation efforts need a major revamp to save hedgehogs from extinction. 



Initiatives focusing on restoring habitats, legal protection drives, and public awareness programs are gaining momentum, as more and more people realize that preserving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-stop-the-extinction-of-north-atlantic-right-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> is critical. 



Education is a powerful weapon in the fight for conservation. By educating individuals about wildlife preservation, we equip them with the tools they need to actively contribute to the cause.



We have seen school curriculums and community workshops becoming more inclusive of modules on environmental awareness and biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-threat-to-trees">The threat to trees</h2>



If we want to help save hedgehogs, we must also turn our attention to trees. Hedgehogs rely on trees for shelter and nesting material. Trees also attract the insects that hedgehogs like to eat, such as beetles and caterpillars. 



The red list reveals that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-one-third-of-the-worlds-trees-face-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">38% of the world's tree species</a> are wavering on the brink of extinction. It is our job to ensure that we are planting at the same rate, if not more, at which we are felling these trees.



Our heavy-handed urbanization and agricultural expansion are directly responsible for the loss of tree habitats. Other threatening factors include invasive species, pests, and diseases.



The research reminds us that many of the decisions we make, such as paving a driveway or selecting a pesticide, directly impacts the habitats of animals - and therefore, their survival.



Though the consequences of our actions may not always be immediate and visible, they certainly have long-lasting effects. 



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Hedgehogs face extinction as their habitats vanish

The warm, familiar image of hedgehogs has now turned into...

Inspired by bird flight, engineers have recently enhanced remote-controlled aircraft performance by adding rows of covert-inspired flaps to airplane wings.&nbsp;



These flaps, modeled after the covert feathers birds deploy during certain maneuvers, help aircraft resist stalling and improve stability.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improvements-in-aviation-performance">Improvements in aviation performance</h2>



The research, led by Professor Aimy Wissa from <a href="https://www.princeton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Princeton University</a>, suggests significant improvements in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-jet-fuel-could-revolutionize-aviation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aviation</a> performance by using lightweight, low-cost modifications that require no additional power.



“These flaps can both help the plane avoid stall and make it easier to regain control when stall does occur,” Wissa said.&nbsp;



The technology echoes bird biology, specifically covert feathers that birds use when landing or facing turbulent winds.&nbsp;



Although biologists have observed these feather movements, no study has precisely quantified their aerodynamic effects on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-birds-brains-evolved-to-enable-them-to-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird flight</a>. This study, however, demonstrates how similar flaps might function on aircraft.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-inspired-flaps-boost-aerodynamics">Bird-inspired flaps boost aerodynamics</h2>



Postdoctoral researcher and first author of the study, Girguis Sedky, described the flaps as “an easy and cost-effective way to drastically improve flight performance without additional power requirements.”&nbsp;



The flaps mimic covert feathers by deploying in response to changing airflow, with no need for external control systems. When strategically placed, these flexible flaps enhance performance and stability in aircraft without complex machinery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teardrop-shape-of-bird-wings">Teardrop shape of bird wings</h2>



The principle behind the design lies in a wing’s teardrop shape, which accelerates airflow over the top, creating lift through a combination of low pressure above and upward force below.&nbsp;



Under certain flight conditions, particularly at steep angles, the aircraft can stall as lift decreases sharply. By adding covert-inspired flaps, researchers discovered they could counter this drop in lift, allowing the aircraft to maintain control.



Wissa’s team conducted wind tunnel tests at Princeton’s Forrestal Campus to observe how these covert-inspired flaps affect air movement around the wings.&nbsp;



“The wind tunnel experiments give us really precise measurements for how air interacts with the wing and the flaps,” Sedky explained. The setup included sensors that capture <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revolutionizing-aerodynamics-airplane-emissions-ai-deep-learning-tool/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerodynamic</a> forces on the wings, as well as a laser and high-speed camera to record the airflow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-secrets-of-bird-wings-nbsp">Unlocking secrets of bird wings&nbsp;</h2>



Through their testing, the researchers identified two aerodynamic control mechanisms, one of which - called shear layer interaction - was previously unknown.&nbsp;



This interaction occurs when a flap near the front of the wing adjusts the flow of air, enhancing stability. When placed near the back, the flaps engage the second mechanism, further aiding in lift.



Testing various configurations, from single to multiple rows of flaps, revealed that a five-row setup increased lift by 45 percent and reduced drag by 30 percent.&nbsp;



“The discovery of this new mechanism unlocked a secret behind why birds have these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-bird-feathers-contain-traces-of-dinosaur-feathers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feathers</a> near the front of the wings,” Wissa said. 



Adding more flaps near the front of the wing enhanced performance benefits, indicating that birds’ covert feathers likely play a crucial role in their aerodynamic control.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-lab-to-field-real-world-testing">From lab to field: Real-world testing</h2>



Following the success of wind tunnel experiments, the team moved to field testing on Princeton’s Forrestal Campus.&nbsp;



They collaborated with Nathaniel Simon, a graduate student specializing in drone flight, to test the covert-inspired flaps on a radio-controlled (RC) plane equipped with an onboard flight computer.&nbsp;



Simon programmed the computer to repeatedly induce stall conditions, allowing the team to observe the flaps’ deployment and performance.



“It’s cool to be able to collaborate in the shared space at the Forrestal campus, and to see how many areas of research this project touched,” said Simon, describing the flaps’ in-flight effectiveness in reducing stall intensity.&nbsp;



The success in real-world conditions paralleled the wind tunnel findings, confirming that these flaps can significantly delay stall and stabilize flight.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-applications-beyond-aviation">Future applications beyond aviation</h2>



Beyond aviation, the researchers believe these bioinspired insights could benefit other fields where airflow modification could improve performance.&nbsp;



“What we discovered about how coverts alter the airflow around the wing can be applied to other fluids and other bodies, making them applicable to cars, underwater vehicles, and even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-wind-turbines-impact-property-values-in-the-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wind turbines</a>,” Sedky said.



The study also opens new doors for collaboration with biologists to deepen our understanding of covert feathers in bird flight. Wissa sees potential for advancing both engineering and biological research through these discoveries.&nbsp;



“That’s the power of bioinspired design. The ability to transfer things from biology to engineering to improve our mechanical systems, but also use our engineering tools to answer questions about biology,” she concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2409268121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Bird wings inspire improvements in airplane safety 

Inspired by bird flight, engineers have recently enhanced remote-controlled aircraft...

When it comes to our canine companions, their health matters to us just as much as our own. We often wish they could tell us when something is not right. But what if there was a way to listen to what dogs cannot say?



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> have developed a machine learning algorithm that can accurately detect heart murmurs - a key indicator of cardiac disease in dogs.



A regular feature in small breeds like King Charles Spaniels, cardiac disease is a serious issue that can significantly affect a dog's quality of life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-dog-health-connection">Human-dog health connection</h2>



“Heart disease in humans is a huge <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/medium-sized-dogs-have-a-greater-risk-of-developing-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health issue</a>, but in dogs it’s an even bigger problem,” said first author Dr. Andrew McDonald from Cambridge’s Department of Engineering.



“Most smaller dog breeds will have heart disease when they get older, but obviously dogs can’t communicate in the same way that humans can, so it’s up to primary care vets to detect heart disease early enough so it can be treated.”



The solution? Technology that can. The team at Cambridge adapted an algorithm initially created for humans to effectively detect and grade heart murmurs in dogs. 



And the results are astonishing. With a sensitivity accuracy of 90%, the algorithm performs at par with expert cardiologists. So how does this actually work?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-algorithm-for-dogs-heart-health">Algorithm for dogs' heart health</h2>



At the core of this technology is a machine learning algorithm fine-tuned to replicate whether a heart murmur has been detected by a cardiologist. 



Initially created with a database of heart sounds from about 1,000 human patients, the algorithm was then adapted to be compatible with heart sounds from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-evolving-to-fit-the-modern-lives-of-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a>.



The data for this adaptation came from nearly 800 dogs who underwent routine heart examinations at four veterinary specialist centers in the UK. 



The ultimate goal? To make the innovative algorithm capable of distinguishing between murmurs associated with mild disease and those indicating advanced heart disease that requires further treatment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-dogs-heart-health">Protecting dogs' heart health</h2>



Professor Anurag Agarwal, who led the research, is a specialist in acoustics and bioengineering.



“Knowing when to medicate is so important, in order to give dogs the best quality of life possible for as long as possible,” said Professor Agarwal. "We want to empower vets to help make those decisions.”



And it is not just the vets who will benefit. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interacting-with-dogs-can-ease-physical-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog</a> owners, this technology could hold the key to extending their beloved pet's life with timely diagnosis and treatment.



“We can’t perform heart scans on every dog in this country&nbsp;- we just don’t have enough time or specialists to screen every dog with a murmur," noted study co-author Jose Novo Matos.



"But tools like these could help vets and owners, so we can quickly identify those dogs who are most in need of treatment."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-the-gap-with-ai">Bridging the gap with AI</h2>



Artificial intelligence (AI) is proving to be a transformative force in veterinary medicine, offering solutions that were deemed improbable not long ago. 



By bridging the communication gap between human caregivers and canine patients, AI technologies like the heart murmur algorithm not only enhance diagnostic precision but also expedite the decision-making process in clinical settings. 



This confluence of advanced technology and veterinary care illustrates the vast potential AI holds in revolutionizing animal healthcare. 



With further research and development, similar algorithms could emerge, specializing in detecting other common ailments in dogs, promising a new era of comprehensive and personalized vet care.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaboration-across-disciplines">Collaboration across disciplines</h2>



Looking ahead, the journey from academic research to practical applications in veterinary clinics highlights the importance of collaboration across disciplines. 



The partnership between engineers, veterinary experts, and technology developers underscores a collective commitment to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warning-dogs-drinking-from-public-water-sources-is-dangerous/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">improving animal welfare</a>.



Continued collaboration is vital to refine and expand diagnostic tools that leverage machine learning, ensuring veterinarians are well-equipped to face the challenges of modern pet healthcare. 



As innovations like these continue to evolve, they pave the way for a more integrated approach to managing and enhancing the longevity of dogs beyond heart health, ultimately fostering a deeper human-dog connection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-canine-cardiology">Future of canine cardiology </h2>



The results not only present a promising future in canine cardiology but also set the stage for how machine learning can benefit healthcare beyond humans.



As we continue to explore the possibilities of machine learning, this study reaffirms our belief that technology, when used well, is not a threat but a tool.



"So many people talk about AI as a threat to jobs, but for me, I see it as a tool that will make me a better cardiologist,” said Novo Matos.



The research was supported in part by the Kennel Club Charitable Trust, the Medical Research Council, and Emmanuel College Cambridge.



The study is published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jvim.17224" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine</a>. 



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eri</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">c</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/"> Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

AI can now ‘hear’ signs of heart disease in dogs

When it comes to our canine companions, their health matters...

In the endless dance of evolution, every species must continuously adapt to survive. A recent study focuses on the tale of ancient cicadas, who had to reshape their very wings under the pressure of predation.



It's a story of survival, revealing how the arrival of insect-eating birds shook the world of these noisy insects. It's a narrative that plays out over the span of millions of years, and today, we finally have the insights to understand it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-riddle-of-flight">Evolutionary riddle of flight</h2>



The quest to understand the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trillions-of-cicadas-set-to-emerge-in-historic-u-s-invasion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary history</a> of flight has been a longstanding pursuit – one spanning hundreds of years. 



But let's face it, it's not an easy task to trace the footprints of these fragile, fleeting features – the wings. Due to their delicate structure, wings rarely preserve well enough to become fossils. Consequently, despite our keen search, the evidence-base in this area has always been rather thin.



Enter the cicadas, these unique little creatures with some extraordinary wing characteristics that set them apart and make them a valuable subject of study. 



Cicadas offer a rare glimpse into the evolution of flight in insects as they have a history of preserving well, unlike most other winged creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-wings-of-cicadas">Changing wings of cicadas</h2>



The researchers in this study constructed a timeline showing the evolution of cicada wings over millions of years. By studying more than 80 species of cicada wings, they unveiled an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cicada-wings-inspire-new-antibacterial-technologies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interesting pattern</a>. 



Cicadas, it appears, went through some swift wing transformations in reaction to the rapidly evolving birds that preyed on them.



Life as an ancient cicada wasn't easy. Early cicadas had wingspans comparable to modern butterflies, some even measuring up to 6 inches. But as their predators - the birds - evolved to become swifter and more efficient hunters, the cicadas had to up their game.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapting-to-survive">Adapting to survive</h2>



Over approximately 160 million years, cicada wings evolved. They grew wider but slimmer. The ancient insects also packed on some serious wing muscle mass. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cicada-urination-defies-what-scientists-thought-was-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adaptations</a>, the researchers argue, would have boosted their flight speeds by up to 39 percent.



This evolution of wing structure and flight speed wasn't for mere showmanship. Survival is the name of the game, and cicadas had no choice but to become faster fliers. 



They were in a wingspan war, and getting faster was the key to escape the clutches of the birds that were evolving to catch insects mid-flight. Sure, this meant burning up more energy for flight, but what better reason to burn energy than to evade ending up as a bird’s snack?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environment-in-cicada-wing-evolution">Environment in cicada wing evolution</h2>



The environment played an indisputable role in shaping cicada wing evolution. Diverse ecological niches presented various challenges and opportunities that influenced these adaptive changes. 



The ancient landscapes, replete with dense foliage and a myriad of predators, required cicadas to innovate continually. 



Their newfound wing structures enabled better maneuverability amid trees and shrubs, providing strategic advantages for feeding and mating while also serving as a critical defense mechanism. 



Notably, these environmental pressures prompted a microcosmic arms race, where cicadas continually refined their flight mechanisms as both a response to threats and a means of exploiting new ecological opportunities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-modern-species">Implications for modern species</h2>



Understanding the evolutionary intricacies of cicada flight provides valuable insights into the broader concepts of adaptive evolution and survival strategies. 



This knowledge aids in deciphering the complex relationships between predators and prey, highlighting the dynamic interplay that drives evolution. These findings have profound implications, not only for the study of ancient species but also for contemporary biology.



For instance, they might offer clues into how current species could adapt in response to climate change and habitat disruption - a compelling reminder of evolution as a relentless, ongoing process.



As we go deeper into the story of cicadas and their evolutionary journey, we uncover layers that enrich our understanding of life's resilience and innovation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



This revelation about the interlinked evolution of cicadas and birds shows us once again how intricately connected all life forms are and how the struggle for survival drives evolutionary adaptation. 



Isn't it amazing how even creatures as small as <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-cicadas-are-coming-brood-x/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cicadas</a> have such dramatic stories of survival etched in their ancient wings?



The study was led by researchers from <a href="https://english.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> and <a href="https://www.uni-jena.de" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena</a>. 



The findings are published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adr2201" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eri</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">c</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/"> Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Cicadas grew 'super wings' to dodge ancient birds

In the endless dance of evolution, every species must continuously...

The pursuit of energy efficiency is a constant endeavor in our modern world, and sometimes the best solutions come from the humblest sources. 



In this case, a team of scientists turned to the natural world to uncover how oscillating systems synchronize to maximize energy use. 



By studying natural rhythms, researchers hope to harness principles that could transform energy management in technology, from power grids to communication networks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synchronization-and-energy-efficiency">Synchronization and energy efficiency</h2>



Every day, we see examples of synchronization in nature - the rhythmic beating of our hearts in harmony with our lungs, or the mesmerizing flicker of fireflies in unison.



Inspired by these examples, researchers at <a href="https://engineering.unm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of New Mexico School of Engineering</a> studied natural rhythms to uncover hidden strategies that could enhance synchronization efficiency.



Their mathematical exploration of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-reveal-the-secrets-of-synchronization/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">synchronization</a> uncovered that biological systems achieve efficiency by using distinct oscillation phases. If applied to human technology, this approach could yield substantial efficiency gains across various sectors.



"In terms of energy that is required for connected systems of oscillators to synchronize, our strategy shows we can have several orders of magnitude in energy savings," said Amirhossein Nazerian, a Ph.D. candidate in mechanical engineering.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-inspired-energy-solutions">Nature-inspired energy solutions</h2>



The role of synchronization in biology isn't merely a fascinating phenomenon; it carries important implications for our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emerging-technologies-will-control-global-power-balance-usa-china/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">technological world</a>. 



The lessons learned from these natural, biological systems could help improve the design and management of various types of technology like power grids and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drones-reveal-hidden-biodiversity-in-rainforest-canopies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drones</a>, by enabling them to conserve energy during oscillation. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mimicking-the-energy-efficiency-of-nature">Mimicking the energy efficiency of nature</h2>



By mimicking the precise timing observed in nature, engineers could develop systems that operate more smoothly, efficiently, and sustainably - transforming how we approach energy management.



Francesco Sorrentino is a professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the lead researcher of the study. 



"We looked at this from a mathematical point of view and asked how systems in nature, in the human body, and in ecological and social systems synchronize. In nature, efficiency is very important, whether in animals or in cells, as these systems cannot afford to waste energy," said Professor Sorrentino.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-manipulating-coupling-strength">Manipulating coupling strength</h2>



In collaboration with Matteo Lodi at the University of Genoa and Joseph Hart at the U.S. Naval Research Lab, the UNM team made a remarkable discovery.



"Coupling strength" refers to how strongly components of an oscillating system communicate.



The researchers found that, by understanding the varied stages of oscillation in a system, they could manipulate its coupling strength - leading to a drastic reduction in energy expenditure.



This strategy involves dynamically adjusting the coupling strength depending on the phase of oscillation a system is in, allowing for precise energy control.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maximizing-energy-efficiency">Maximizing energy efficiency </h2>



This innovative approach indicates that synchronization can be achieved more efficiently if the coupling between the oscillating systems is only activated when needed, significantly minimizing essential energy expenditure and preventing unnecessary power loss.



It's an intriguing finding that may ultimately lead to the development of more energy-efficient systems.



After all, if tiny <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fireflies-use-social-cues-to-synchronize-their-lights/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fireflies</a> can master the art of efficient synchronization, who's to say our power grids and advanced technologies can't do the same?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



The insights gained from nature’s synchronization methods offer promising applications across multiple industries, where even small improvements in efficiency can lead to significant energy savings. 



For instance, in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/renewable-energy-must-be-doubled-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> systems like wind and solar farms, synchronization can help stabilize power fluctuations by aligning the output of multiple energy sources. When these systems work in harmony, the overall energy yield is maximized with less wasted power.



In transportation networks, synchronization techniques could make autonomous vehicle fleets more energy-efficient by coordinating traffic flows, reducing stop-and-start patterns, and lowering fuel consumption. 



Healthcare technology also stands to benefit, as medical devices, such as pacemakers or diagnostic equipment, could become more reliable and energy-efficient through synchronized oscillation methods. 



By mirroring nature’s finely tuned rhythms, researchers envision a future where industries can operate more sustainably, delivering better performance with reduced environmental impact.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52486-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Nature's rhythms inspire a new approach to energy efficiency

The pursuit of energy efficiency is a constant endeavor in...

A new camera system is making it possible for humans to see colors in the way animals do, opening up a vivid new perspective on the natural world.



Led by researcher Vera Vasas, who has spent years studying animal vision, this innovative project is changing how we understand what animals actually see. 



In collaboration with colleagues from the Hanley Color Lab at <a href="https://www.gmu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">George Mason University</a>, Vasas has developed a tool that lets us experience the world through the eyes of different species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-animals-see-color">How animals see color</h2>



Animals perceive color through photoreceptor cells in their eyes, and the number and type of these cells can vary widely among species.



While humans have three types of cone cells sensitive to red, green, and blue light, many animals have additional types that allow them to see colors <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/imaging-system-inspired-by-butterfly-vision-can-detect-cancer-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beyond our visible spectrum</a>.



Birds, for instance, often have superior color vision compared to humans. They possess tetrachromatic vision, which includes the ability to see ultraviolet light. 



This extra range is crucial for behaviors like selecting mates and finding food. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-vision-reveals-a-hidden-world-that-we-cannot-see/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Many insects, like bees</a>, also see ultraviolet light, helping them detect patterns on flowers that are invisible to us.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reds-greens-and-colors-different-animals-see">Reds, greens, and colors different animals see</h2>



On the other hand, mammals such as dogs and cats have dichromatic vision. They can't distinguish between red and green, much like humans with red-green color blindness. 



This reduced color perception limits their ability to see the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-retinal-cells-explain-complex-color-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">full spectrum of colors that we can</a>, affecting how they interact with their surroundings.



Understanding these differences isn't just fascinating trivia -- it's essential for studying animal behavior and ecology. But until now, visualizing how animals see the world has been a significant challenge.



False color imaging has offered glimpses into animal vision but comes with drawbacks. It's time-consuming, requires specific lighting conditions, and can't capture movement effectively.



These limitations have made it tough for scientists and filmmakers to represent animal vision accurately.



Addressing these hurdles, Vasas's team developed a <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/figure/image?size=large&amp;download=&amp;id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002444.g004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cutting-edge camera</a> and software system capable of recording and processing videos under natural lighting conditions. This means we can now see colors just as animals do, in real time.



"Our system records in four color channels: blue, green, red, and UV," explains Vasas. "It then converts this data into 'perceptual units' -- essentially translating it into a format that replicates animal vision based on known photoreceptor data."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-accuracy-and-practical-use">High accuracy and practical use</h2>



Impressively, when compared to traditional spectrophotometry methods, this new system boasts over 92% accuracy in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-and-monkeys-probably-see-color-differently/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predicting the colors</a> that animals perceive. 



That's a significant improvement, making the technology not just innovative but also reliable.



This opens up unprecedented avenues for scientific research. Scientists can now explore the dynamic, colorful world as seen by various species, leading to deeper insights into animal behavior and ecology.



Filmmakers stand to benefit immensely from this technology. They can create more accurate and engaging representations of animal vision, bringing audiences closer to understanding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bull-ants-use-moonlight-for-nighttime-navigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural world</a>. 



Imagine documentaries where viewers can experience the ultraviolet patterns that guide bees or the limited color palette seen by dogs.



"This technology bridges the <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/figure/image?size=large&amp;download=&amp;id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002444.g001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gap between human and animal perception</a>," says Vasas. "It allows us to not only study animals more effectively but also to educate and inspire people by showing them a world they've never seen before."



One of the most impressive aspects of this system is its practicality. It's constructed from readily available commercial cameras, housed in a modular, 3D-printed casing. This makes it accessible for researchers and filmmakers without requiring specialized, expensive equipment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colorful-spectrum-seen-through-animal-eyes">Colorful spectrum seen through animal eyes</h2>



The way animals see and perceive color is more than just a scientific curiosity -- it's a key to understanding their survival strategies. 



For instance, the mantis shrimp has one of the most complex vision systems known, with twelve to sixteen types of photoreceptor cells. 



This allows them to detect polarized light and <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/figure/image?size=large&amp;download=&amp;id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002444.g002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">see a spectrum far beyond human capability</a>, helping them spot prey and predators in the intricate underwater world.



Snakes use infrared vision to hunt warm-blooded prey in the dark, while reindeer see ultraviolet light to spot predators against the snowy landscape. 



These abilities aren't just interesting facts; they're essential adaptations that have evolved over millions of years.



Evolution has tailored the vision of each species to meet its specific needs. Animals develop unique color vision abilities based on their environment and survival challenges. This results in a rich diversity of visual capabilities across the animal kingdom.



"Understanding how animals see the world helps us make better decisions about conservation and habitat management," notes Vasas. "It can inform how we design buildings, roads, and even lighting to minimize negative impacts on wildlife."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-lens-on-the-natural-world">New lens on the natural world</h2>



To sum it all up, this new camera technology allows us to step into the shoes -- or rather, the eyes -- of other creatures. It's a tool that brings us closer to the natural world, fostering empathy and understanding. 



As we continue to explore these new perspectives, we gain not just knowledge but also a deeper connection to the diverse creatures that share our planet.



The possibilities are vast. From academic research to immersive educational experiences, this technology is set to transform how we see and interact with the animal kingdom. 



It's a reminder that even in our high-tech world, there's still so much to discover when we look through a different lens.



The full study was published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002444" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS Biology</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

New camera lets us see the colors of the world through the eyes of animals

A new camera system is making it possible for humans...

New research reveals that owners who believe their horses experience emotions and treat them with care significantly improve the health of these animals.&nbsp;



For millions in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), working horses are essential to agriculture, transport, and household tasks. In these settings, healthy horses directly support livelihoods, emphasizing the mutual benefit of compassionate animal care.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-attitudes-toward-horse-emotions">Attitudes toward horse emotions</h2>



Conducted by the <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Portsmouth</a> and <a href="https://www.thebrooke.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brooke</a>, a charity dedicated to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chick-emotions-shed-new-light-on-animal-welfare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal welfare</a>, this study examined 299 horse owners and their animals in Senegal’s regions of Diourbel, Louga, and Thiès. 



The researchers assessed owners’ attitudes towards their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/all-domestic-horses-have-ancestors-in-russia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">horses</a>, asking questions about their beliefs in the animals’ ability to feel emotions like pain. They then evaluated the horses’ welfare. 



The findings, published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309149" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>, highlight a powerful link between an owner’s empathy and their horse’s physical condition, suggesting that fostering compassionate care could enhance conditions for working horses globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-horses-as-a-lifeline-for-communities">Horses as a lifeline for communities</h2>



Working horses and other equids are integral to household income in LMICs. Research by Brooke in Senegal showed that families with horses can increase agricultural production by up to 78% for certain crops, and similar findings exist across other countries. 



These animals are also critical for tasks like water transportation and livestock feeding.



A spokesperson for Brooke explained that the health and welfare of working equids is intimately linked to their owners.&nbsp;



“If animals become sick or injured and are unable to work, this has a direct impact on the income-generating opportunities and well-being of the communities who depend on them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-impact-of-empathy">The impact of empathy</h2>



Researchers discovered a clear relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sports-coaches-are-more-effective-when-they-lead-with-empathy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">empathy</a> and animal welfare. 



Owners who believed in their horses’ capacity to feel emotions tended to provide more care in the form of nutrition and veterinary attention.&nbsp;



Horses of empathetic owners had healthier body conditions and overall improved welfare.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings-of-the-study">Key findings of the study</h2>



The study revealed that owners who attributed sentience to their horses - recognizing their capacity for pain or emotion - had animals with better physical health, benefiting from consistent nutrition and proper housing.



In addition, higher household income and financial stability were associated with better care for animals. These households were more likely to provide adequate food, shelter, and medical support for their horses.



Furthermore, the researchers found that owners with positive attitudes toward their horses ensured better living conditions, showing that a compassionate approach to animal care directly contributes to improved welfare.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-socio-economic-and-cultural-ties">Socio-economic and cultural ties</h2>



The study highlighted that socio-economic stability is also essential to animal welfare. Households that could consistently meet their own needs were better able to invest in their animals’ needs.&nbsp;



This stability allows for consistent veterinary care, nutrition, and shelter. Financial support for these households, therefore, has the potential to improve animal welfare on a broader scale.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotional-connection-with-horses">Emotional connection with horses</h2>



Study senior author Leanne Proops, a lead researcher at the University of Portsmouth, emphasized the strong link between owner empathy and horse welfare.



“Our research highlights the profound connection between human attitudes and animal welfare. When owners view their horses as sentient beings capable of feeling, they are more likely to invest in their care.”&nbsp;



Proops noted that this knowledge could guide welfare organizations toward fostering empathy in communities, as it directly enhances animal welfare.



She also pointed out that this relationship works in both directions: owners may downplay an animal’s capacity for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-have-healthier-lives-when-owners-acknowledge-their-emotions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotions</a> to protect themselves from distress when they cannot fully care for them. 



Insights from this study could help drive policies that protect working animals, secure funding for welfare initiatives, and raise awareness about the benefits of empathetic care in improving both human and animal lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recognizing-horse-emotions">Recognizing horse emotions</h2>



The study offers a valuable perspective for welfare organizations, policymakers, and communities. Recognizing that animals are sentient beings deserving of care can improve their welfare and productivity, directly benefiting the people who rely on them.&nbsp;



Emphasizing this human-animal connection has the potential to foster sustainable, mutually beneficial relationships in low and middle-income countries where working animals are essential to community life.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Recognizing emotions in horses can improve their health

New research reveals that owners who believe their horses experience...

Do you ever wonder why we humans tend to like being around each other? It may seem like the hustle and bustle of everyday life might make us crave solitude, but a new study suggests otherwise. Being social might help you live longer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-living-together-living-longer">Living together, living longer</h2>



Being social equals living longer. This intriguing correlation was uncovered by researchers at the University of Oxford. 



They discovered animal species that are more social live longer and remain fertile for longer than their more solitary counterparts. From humans to jellyfish, this is a universal trend.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-animals-live-longer-and-better">Social animals live longer and better</h2>



But what does it mean to be <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-expectations-of-men-are-bad-for-their-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social</a>? Well, social animals reap many benefits from living in groups, like sharing resources, better protection against predators, and support in raising offspring. 



Of course, everything has its downsides, including sociality. Living in close quarters can lead to disease spread, increased competition, and even conflicts and aggression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facing-hardships-together">Facing hardships together</h2>



Moving beyond birds and mammals, researchers at <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford</a> broadened their perspective, studying 152 animal species across different taxonomic groups. 



What they found was that more social species live longer, delay maturity, and have a higher chance of successful reproduction.



Despite certain challenges, it appears being social offers more good than bad. Social animals might struggle to adapt to rapidly changing environments, but they show remarkable resilience when facing hardships together. 



Being social comes with a few unavoidable costs, yet the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-bonding-can-positively-shape-the-success-of-a-group/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overall benefits</a> outweigh them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-influence-on-survival">Social influence on survival</h2>



Here's another interesting fact. The researchers found that being social can influence an animal's ability to reproduce or survive as they age, a phenomenon known as senescence. 



For instance, having social allies can fend off predators, extending lifespan, while the stress of social hierarchies could have the reverse effect.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-costs-and-benefits-of-being-social">Costs and benefits of being social </h2>



The study was led by Professor Rob Salguero-Gómez, an expert in the Department of Biology at the University of Oxford.



“Sociality is a fundamental aspect of many animals. However, we still lack cross-taxonomic evidence of the fitness costs and benefits of being social," said Professor Salguero-Gómez. 



"Here, by using an unprecedented number of animal species this work has demonstrated that species that are more social (most monkeys, humans, elephants, flamingos, and parrots) display longer life spans and reproductive windows than more solitary species (some fish, reptiles, and some insects)."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sociality-as-a-spectrum">Sociality as a spectrum</h2>



Coming from the traditional binary perspective of social and non-social creatures, this study recognizes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-power-of-diversity-in-friendships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sociality</a> as a spectrum. That means there are intermediate levels of sociality found in species like wildebeests, zebras, and certain birds.



The data for this study were accessed from the open access COMADRE Animal Matrix Database, curated by Salguero-Gómez’s research team.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-benefits-beyond-living-longer">Social benefits beyond living longer</h2>



As we emerge from the isolation of the COVID-19 pandemic, this research reminds us of the tangible benefits of being social creatures. 



“In a post-COVID era, where the impacts of isolation have been quite tangible to humans (a highly social species), the research demonstrates that, across a comparative lens, being more social is associated with some tangible benefits," noted Salguero-Gómez.



While the findings are compelling, the researchers are not stopping here. They will expand the database and combine it with lab work and modeling to estimate how social populations buffer against (or fail to with) climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The University of Oxford team is keen on transcending the present understanding of social animals by exploring new dimensions and emerging questions on living longer. 



Their future research will include probing the genetic basis of social behavior and its evolutionary implications. By integrating genomic data, the researchers aim to illustrate how genetic variants may influence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-theory-enemy-of-my-enemy-is-my-friend-proven-by-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social structures and behaviors</a> across species. 



This line of inquiry not only promises to reveal insights into the genetic underpinnings of sociality but also holds potential implications for conserving endangered social species by understanding the genetic threats they face in changing habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-humans">Implications for humans</h2>



The research highlights the essential nature of social connections in promoting longevity and resilience.



Policy-makers and community leaders can harness these insights to foster environments that encourage social interaction and community building as part of public health strategies. 



Initiatives focusing on reducing social isolation, particularly among vulnerable populations like the elderly, can directly impact health outcomes and enhance overall societal well-being. 



This study confirms the belief that social connectivity is not merely a preference but a biological necessity for thriving.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0459" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (B)</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Survival of the friendliest: Social animals live longer

Do you ever wonder why we humans tend to like...

Scientists often wonder how their ancestors took their first shaky steps from the watery realms onto the dry earth. A unique, interdisciplinary team of researchers led by the University of Cambridge used an innovative approach to explore this mystery. Their research involves studying fossils with the help of robots.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embracing-innovation">Embracing innovation</h2>



The best mysteries tend to have incomplete clues. The evolution of life from water to land is one of those mysteries. Our primary puzzle pieces? Limited fossil evidence.



This sparse evidence leaves researchers with an incomplete picture of how life transitioned from living in the water to thriving on land.



“Since fossil evidence is limited, we have an incomplete picture of how ancient life made the transition to land,” said lead author&nbsp;Dr. Michael Ishida&nbsp;from Cambridge’s <a href="https://www.eng.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Engineering</a>.



“Palaeontologists examine ancient fossils for clues about the structure of hip and pelvic joints, but there are limits to what we can learn from fossils alone. That’s where robots can come in, helping us fill gaps in the research, particularly when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-creatures-of-the-past-inspire-the-future-of-soft-robots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studying major shifts</a> in how vertebrates moved.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-and-fossils">Robots and fossils</h2>



How do researchers fill in the gaps of an incomplete puzzle? Enter paleo-inspired robots and the modern-day "walking fish."



Nature inspired the works of scientists at the Bio-Inspired Robotics Laboratory at Cambridge, led by Professor Fumiya Iida.



Using a combination of modern creatures like the mudskipper and ancient fossil evidence, scientists designed robotic models to test the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-soft-robot-crawls-moves-like-origami-folds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theories</a> of early land movement mechanics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-expand-on-fossil-evidence">Robots expand on fossil evidence</h2>



The primary challenge these researchers face? The lack of comprehensive fossil records. 



“In some cases, we’re just guessing how certain bones connected or functioned,” said Ishida. “That’s why robots are so useful - they help us confirm these guesses and provide new evidence to support or rebut them.”



That's the beauty of using robots in this context. Robots don't need complete, perfectly preserved fossil evidence.



They support and validate those educated guesses about the missing pieces, offering evidence that either affirms or challenges <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robosapiens-ai-project-making-industrial-robots-more-free-thinking-adaptable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">existing theories</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-of-robots-in-paleontology">Potential of robots in paleontology </h2>



This blend of robotics and paleontology is a novelty in scientific circles. "There are only a few groups doing this kind of work,” said Ishida.



Robots provide insights into the mechanics of extinct animals that neither fossils nor modern species can achieve. They could hold the key to unlocking the secrets of long-extinct creatures' biomechanics.



As the researchers continue their work actively building their paleo-robots, they anticipate results within the coming year.



It's not just about deepening the understanding of evolutionary biology. They see potential for fostering collaborations between engineers and researchers from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mushroom-is-given-a-robot-body-and-runs-wild-in-fascinating-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse f</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mushroom-is-given-a-robot-body-and-runs-wild-in-fascinating-video/">ields</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technology-and-evolutionary-biology">Technology and evolutionary biology</h2>



The interdisciplinary approach undertaken by the Cambridge team highlights the synergy between technology and evolutionary biology. By synthesizing insights from both fields, researchers explore ancient evolutionary paths with unprecedented precision.



Robots serve as proxies for extinct organisms. This allows scientists to experimentally validate hypotheses regarding limb functions and terrestrial locomotion in early vertebrates.



The dynamic interaction propels the understanding of evolution and advances the capabilities of robotic design by infusing them with adaptable, nature-inspired mechanisms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-science-and-beyond">Modern science and beyond</h2>



The implications of this research extend far beyond historical inquiry. As robotic technology evolves, its applications may expand into diverse fields such as medicine and environmental science.



Developing agile, efficient robots with adaptive traits derived from ancient life forms could revolutionize prosthetic designs or lead to innovative exploration tools for extreme environments on Earth and other planets.



By learning from the evolutionary past, scientists can address contemporary challenges and set the stage for future technological advancements guided by natural principles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-unraveling-fossil-evidence">Robots unraveling fossil evidence</h2>



This research offers a fresh perspective on how ancient life transitioned from water to land.



By bridging the gap between the past and the present with robotics, researchers provide a unique approach to studying evolution, one step at a time.



Professor Iida is a fellow of Corpus Christi College and Dr. Ishida is a postdoctoral research associate at <a href="https://www.cai.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gonville and Caius College</a>, Cambridge.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.adn1125" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Robotics.</a>



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

When fossil evidence is limited, robots can help

Scientists often wonder how their ancestors took their first shaky...

For ages, people have wondered whether sea stars, commonly called starfish, have a head or not. Unlike creatures like worms or fish, where it's clear which end is which, starfish have five identical arms that can all move independently. 



This has made it hard to figure out where their front or back might be.



"It's as if the sea star is completely missing a trunk, and is best described as just a head crawling along the seafloor," said Laurent Formery, a postdoctoral scholar and lead author of a new study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-starfish-symmetry-is-a-mystery">Starfish symmetry is a mystery</h2>



Formery works in the labs at <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a> and <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Berkeley</a>, both led by investigators from the Chan Zuckerberg <a href="https://www.czbiohub.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biohub</a> San Francisco. 



Their research has found that, contrary to previous beliefs, starfish are now assumed to be "all head" and no traditional body at all.



The researchers discovered that genes associated with head development are active throughout the starfish's entire "body," while genes related to the torso and tail are mostly absent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-look-at-an-old-question">New look at an old question</h2>



Most animals, including humans, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-story-of-early-animal-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">have a body plan</a> that's symmetrical on both sides and runs from head to tail. 



Scientists have long understood how genes control this body plan in creatures like fruit flies and worms. 



But starfish, which belong to a group called echinoderms, have puzzled researchers because of their unique five-point symmetry and lack of an obvious head or tail.



Echinoderms like starfish, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-urchins-have-some-unexpected-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea urchins</a>, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-cucumbers-protect-coral-reefs-from-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea cucumbers</a> have always been a bit of a mystery. Their unusual body structure doesn't fit neatly into the typical patterns seen in most animals. 



Some scientists thought that perhaps each arm of a starfish was like a separate head-to-tail axis. Others speculated that the axis might run from the top to the bottom of the sea star.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-starfish-heads-with-cutting-edge-genetics">Studying starfish heads with cutting-edge genetics</h2>



To get to the bottom of this, the researchers used advanced genetic sequencing techniques. They partnered with <a href="https://www.pacb.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PacBio</a>, a company that develops genome-sequencing devices. 



Using a method called HiFi sequencing, they were able to read long stretches of DNA quickly and accurately. This allowed them to see which genes were active in different parts of the starfish's body.



"The kind of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-ocean-dna-study-uncovers-mysteries-of-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sequencing</a> that would have taken months can now be done in a matter of hours, and it's hundreds of times cheaper than just five years ago," said David Rank, a former PacBio Scientific Fellow and co-senior author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genes-of-starfish-are-only-associated-with-heads">Genes of starfish are only associated with heads</h2>



What they found was unexpected. Genes associated with the front part of the head in other animals were active in the middle of each starfish arm.



As you moved toward the edges of the arms, genes associated with more rear parts of the head became active. There was little to no expression of genes linked to the torso and tail.



"These results suggest that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-eating-sea-cucumbers-can-prevent-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">echinoderms</a>, and starfish in particular, have the most dramatic example of decoupling of the head and the trunk regions that we are aware of today," Formery said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-curveball">Evolutionary curveball</h2>



This suggests that starfish might have lost their bodies over evolutionary time, ending up as creatures that are essentially all head. 



The team is excited about what this means for understanding evolution. They hope to investigate whether similar patterns are found in other echinoderms like sea urchins and sea cucumbers.



"If we take the opportunity to explore unusual animals that are operating in unusual ways, that means we are broadening our perspective of biology, which is eventually going to help us solve both ecological and biomedical problems," said Daniel Rokhsar of UC Berkeley, an expert on the molecular evolution of animal species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-unanswered-questions-remain">Many unanswered questions remain</h2>



Formery is also interested in learning more about the starfish's nervous system, which remains a bit of a mystery. 



Starfish walk by moving water through thousands of tube feet and digest their prey by extruding their stomachs outside of their bodies. 



It only stands to reason that these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brittle-stars-have-no-brain-but-still-manage-to-learn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unusual creatures</a> have also evolved completely unexpected strategies for staying healthy.



"It just opens a ton of new questions that we can now start to explore," Formery added. 



Questions like how their unique body plan affects their behavior and interaction with the environment are next on the list.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



Christopher Lowe, a marine and developmental biologist at Stanford University, highlighted the importance of collaborative efforts. 



"The Biohub's willingness to take risks and provide support for a joint position between our labs has been critical for the success of this project," he said.



The collaboration between institutions and the use of innovative technology have paved the way for this breakthrough. 



The researchers utilized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/symbiotic-relationship-plant-roots-underground-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spatial transcriptomics</a> to pinpoint which genes are active in precise locations within the starfish's body, providing a detailed map of genetic activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-starfish-heads-and-humanity">Starfish, heads, and humanity</h2>



To sum it all up, this study flips our understanding of starfish on its head -- literally. 



By revealing that starfish are essentially all head and no body, the researchers have opened up a whole new way of thinking about these fascinating creatures. 



"Exploring these unique animals broadens our perspective of biology," Rokhsar concluded.



Their unique genetic makeup challenges what we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ecosystem-behavior-earth-first-sea-creatures-stirring-water-drove-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal evolution</a> and body structures.



Looking ahead, this discovery unravels some of the mysteries surrounding starfish while setting the stage for exploring other unusual animals.



Studying these amazingly unique creatures might even lead to breakthroughs in medicine and new approaches to fighting diseases. 



It's exciting to think about what other secrets the starfish holds and how we're going to figure them out.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06669-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Starfish are just "one big head" crawling on the seafloor without an actual body

For ages, people have wondered whether sea stars, commonly called...

The future of chimpanzee conservation relies on smart strategies, which in turn require detailed data that is not always easy to obtain. 



Ecologist Adrienne Chitayat has led important research in Tanzania’s Mahale Mountains National Park, becoming the first to systematically survey chimpanzee population density across the entire park. 



Chitayat’s doctoral dissertation, conducted at the <a href="https://www.uva.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Amsterdam</a>, will likely serve as a crucial baseline for future conservation in this region - which is home to Tanzania's largest chimpanzee population. 



This area is significant not only for its biodiversity but because it represents the most southern range of the eastern chimpanzee, an endangered subspecies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-estimating-chimpanzee-population-density-nbsp">Estimating chimpanzee population density&nbsp;</h2>



Chimpanzees, along with <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/chimpanzees-vs-bonobos-whats-the-difference/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bonobos</a>, are humans' closest living relatives. While the Greater Mahale Ecosystem is vast, covering nearly 20,000 square kilometers, there has been limited research on chimpanzee populations across the whole park.



“There have been estimates based on small-scale or localized surveys, but no comprehensive baseline data. And without that data, it is difficult to understand chimpanzee population patterns and develop good conservation strategies. My goal was to fill that gap,” Chitayat said.



Chimpanzees build new nests each night, rarely reusing them, which makes nest counting a reliable method for estimating population density.&nbsp;



Chitayat conducted these counts park-wide, determining density figures between 1.1 and 3.7 chimpanzees per square kilometer, depending on the specific habitat characteristics in each area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystems-threatened-by-climate-change">Ecosystems threatened by climate change</h2>



The Mahale Mountains feature diverse landscapes, from dense forests to expansive savannahs. Chitayat observed that chimpanzees occupy all these habitats, even the open vegetation, rather than sticking solely to forested areas. This discovery is crucial as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-apes-will-suffer-through-frequent-and-extreme-climate-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> threatens these ecosystems. 



“By looking at how the chimpanzees use the landscape and move within it, we can conclude that not only the densely forested areas are important for the protection of the animals,” said Chitayat.



Protecting this wide range of habitats, including establishing corridors, could support long-term population health and resilience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-chimpanzees-with-acoustic-detection">Monitoring chimpanzees with acoustic detection</h2>



Traditional nest counting, while effective, is labor-intensive and costly. Recognizing the limitations, Chitayat developed a new monitoring approach: a deep learning-based acoustic detector.&nbsp;



This technology uses passive acoustic monitoring to capture ambient sounds, including the calls of unhabituated chimpanzees that are difficult to observe up close.&nbsp;



“Passive acoustic monitoring is a revolutionary technique that automatically records all the sounds in the vicinity of the acoustic device, including the sounds of chimpanzees. It can be used to find out where the chimpanzees are, how often, at what times, and how many individuals,” said Chitayat.



“The problem is that you have hours, days, even weeks of sound recordings that are far too laborious to listen to manually.”



Fortunately, her <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-learning-can-help-track-changes-in-forest-cover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep learning</a> algorithm is able to automate the identification of chimpanzee sounds, saving time and resources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-chimpanzee-communication">Understanding chimpanzee communication</h2>



Creating the acoustic detector presented unique challenges. Chimpanzees <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-have-a-much-more-complex-language-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communicate</a> through a complex range of sounds, from loud, long-distance “pant-hoots” to softer grunts. 



Chitayat focused her detector on pant-hoots, which are vital for group cohesion and individual identification but difficult to interpret due to their variability.&nbsp;



Developing the detector to recognize these calls required extensive training data and sophisticated algorithm design, marking a substantial achievement in bioacoustic technology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-chimpanzee-conservation">Future of chimpanzee conservation</h2>



Chitayat’s work opens important doors for future innovations. She envisions refining the acoustic detector to distinguish <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-mean-chimpanzees-fare-better-in-life-than-nice-ones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">individual</a> chimpanzees, offering insights into group demographics, social dynamics, and age and sex distributions. 



Such data would be invaluable for shaping targeted conservation strategies that address specific population needs. “The more we learn, the better we can protect chimpanzees,” said Chitayat.



This technology could enhance our understanding of not just population size but also the social structure and health of groups over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-resilience-through-data-driven-strategies">Building resilience through data-driven strategies</h2>



With her research, Chitayat aims to integrate ecological data into conservation planning for chimpanzees in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem.&nbsp;



By tracking population density, movement patterns, and habitat usage, conservationists can design interventions that align with the needs of this vulnerable species.&nbsp;



In an era of climate change, such comprehensive data enables proactive measures, from protecting essential habitats to creating corridors that allow chimpanzees to adapt to shifting environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fuller-understanding-of-chimpanzee-populations-nbsp">Fuller understanding of chimpanzee populations&nbsp;</h2>



Chitayat’s contributions highlight the power of combining field ecology with advanced technology. By using nest counts, acoustic monitoring, and deep learning, her work brings a fuller understanding of chimpanzee populations and offers a model for innovative conservation strategies.&nbsp;



As climate change reshapes ecosystems, tools like Chitayat’s detector will be essential for adapting and responding to the challenges facing chimpanzee populations.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

How machine learning can help us protect chimpanzees 

The future of chimpanzee conservation relies on smart strategies, which...

Bats navigate effortlessly over vast distances using their natural GPS - echolocation. A recent study published in the journal Science has provided new insights into the extraordinary navigational capabilities of bats, and these abilities are more fascinating than we realized.



Echolocation - a technique not disrupted by darkness - is used by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/over-half-of-north-american-bats-face-extinction-risk-in-15-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a> to avoid obstacles and orient themselves in the vastness of their environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-dimension-of-bat-navigation">A new dimension of bat navigation </h2>



By bouncing sound waves off objects and listening to the echoes, these nocturnal creatures can skillfully navigate their surroundings. Now, a new dimension has been added to their echolocating prowess. 



The research was led by Iain Couzin’s group at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior and the Cluster of Excellence Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour at the <a href="https://www.uni-konstanz.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Konstanz</a>.



Through experiments, the experts found that bats can recognize their location even after displacement and utilize echolocation for map-based navigation over long distances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-a-bat-s-journey-home">Tracking a bat's journey home</h2>



In Israel's Hula Valley, a bat species named Kuhl’s pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii), weighing only six grams, was put to the test.



Across a few nights, 76 bats were relocated to various spots within a three-kilometer radius of their home. Each bat was equipped with an innovative lightweight reverse GPS tracking system, ATLAS, which offered high-resolution, real-time tracking.



Interestingly, even when solely dependent on echolocation, 95 percent of the bats found their way back home within mere minutes, demonstrating that bats are capable of navigating long distances using their localized, highly directional mode of sensing. 



The researchers discovered that bats also employ vision, if available, for enhanced navigation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-of-bat-navigation">Science of bat navigation</h2>



To investigate further, the research team generated a detailed map of the entire valley.



"We wanted to visualize what each bat experienced during flight and understand how they used acoustic information to navigate," explained Xing Chen, an expert in the School of Zoology at <a href="https://english.tau.ac.il" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tel Aviv University</a>, who was responsible for developing the valley’s reconstruction.



The model revealed that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-bat-appreciation-day-the-crucial-role-of-bats-in-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a> have a preference for flying near areas with substantial "echoic entropy," or regions that provide rich acoustic information.



The bats, during the localization phase, would meander around until a certain point - after which their flight was directed toward their destination.



This behavior clearly indicates that the bats possess some acoustic mental map of their home range. This allows them to identify distinctive environmental features such as a tree or a road, which they use as acoustic landmarks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-maps-and-memory">Mental maps and memory</h2>



Beyond their acute sensory perceptions, memory plays a crucial role in a bat's ability to navigate efficiently. Researchers suggest that bats, like Kuhl’s pipistrelle, develop and refine a cognitive map of their environment over time. 



This mental map is not a static image but a dynamic collection of experiences and stored acoustic information that aids in re-orientation after displacement. 



Bats may rely on memory to access familiar routes or locations, integrating both real-time echolocation data and past experiences to optimize their flight paths. 



This complex interplay between memory and sensory input enhances their adaptive navigation strategies, enabling them to thrive even in rapidly changing environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions </h2>



The findings of this study serve as a potential blueprint for developing advanced navigation systems. By understanding how bats combine echolocation with memory to navigate, scientists can draw parallels in designing autonomous vehicles or drones that require minimal visual input. 



The high efficiency of bats in interpreting environmental acoustics presents opportunities to innovate and refine sonar-based technologies. 



Future research might focus on exploring how bats adapt their echolocation strategies over different terrains or in varying atmospheric conditions, contributing further to our knowledge of sensory integration and its applications in technological advancements. 



As our understanding deepens, the biosonar abilities of bats may inspire developments across various fields such as robotics, communication, and environmental monitoring.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combining-senses-for-navigation">Combining senses for navigation </h2>



Kuhl’s pipistrelles are capable of navigating over several kilometers using echolocation alone, but when vision is accessible, they optimize their navigational efficiency by combining both senses.



After being displaced, they strategize by first identifying their new location and then flying home, using distinctive acoustically marked environmental features as their landmarks.



Drawing parallels from such remarkable findings could enhance human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fruit-bats-can-remember-the-past-and-plan-for-the-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">navigation methods</a>, particularly in situations where traditional GPS systems fail. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn6269" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Bats have acoustic mental maps to navigate total darkness

Bats navigate effortlessly over vast distances using their natural GPS...

A fascinating piece of research has opened the conversation about the influence of parenting style on dog-ownership practices. 



What if the way your parents brought you up could determine how you treat your dog? According to this new study, it does, indeed, all boil down to your own childhood and how you were raised. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-child-to-dog-owner">From child to dog owner</h2>



The researchers examined the upbringing of 391 dog owners in the UK and US. 



Each participant contributed by completing an online survey, which quizzed them on the parenting styles they experienced as children and how they presently care for their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-dog-day-honoring-mans-best-friend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">canine companions</a>.



One might think, what does human parenting have to do with how one treats their dogs? Well, surprisingly a lot.



The results suggested a distinct correlation. Participants who experienced a permissive parenting style -- characterized by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-human-speech-changes-when-we-talk-to-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high warmth</a> and low discipline -- were more likely to replicate this approach with their dogs.



Now, what does permissive parenting look like? 



Permissive parents are typically liberal, shying away from strict rules, and allowing a significant level of freedom in decision-making. 



They are nurturing, attuned to their children's needs, but often miss the mark when it comes to providing direction and structure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-authoritative-parenting-for-dogs">Authoritative parenting for dogs</h2>



On the other hand, an authoritative parenting style demonstrated the opposite effect. Participants raised in such environments were less likely to be permissive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-evolving-to-fit-the-modern-lives-of-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog owners</a>.



Authoritative parenting leans heavily on clear rules, high expectations, and consistent discipline. It fosters independence while maintaining an open line of communication. 



The focus here is more on obedience than understanding, and parental authority is of utmost importance.



The big question is, does this dynamic translate to their relationship with their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-dogs-can-remember-their-toy-names-for-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a>?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orientations-of-dog-owners">Orientations of dog owners</h2>



"This study explores how parenting styles towards dogs are influenced by experiences in one's own upbringing."



"We found that a permissive parenting style tends to be passed down across generations, with individuals who experienced it growing up being more likely to use it with their dogs," the researchers from Universities of <a href="https://www.gla.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Glasgow</a> and <a href="https://www.stir.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stirling</a> said.



And there's more. The research not only analyzed parenting styles but also the attitudes and orientations of dog owners. 



Some owners displayed a 'protectionistic' orientation, emphasizing control and discipline, while others showcased a 'humanistic' attitude, focusing on treating dogs more like companions and favoring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interacting-with-dogs-can-ease-physical-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional bonding</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-influence-on-dog-parenting">Cultural influence on dog parenting </h2>



Cultural background also emerges as a salient factor in shaping dog parenting styles. 



Various cultures around the globe possess distinct attitudes towards animal care, which inevitably influence how individuals interact with their pets.



For instance, in Western societies, there is a prevalent trend towards perceiving dogs as family members rather than just animals, which aligns with a more humanistic approach. 



These cultural ideologies often go hand in hand with the parenting styles experienced in childhood, further influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-and-human-brains-sync-up-during-eye-contact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog ownership practices</a>.



The interplay between cultural norms and parenting styles highlights the intricate web of factors that underpin how we choose to raise and care for our canine companions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



The findings of this study open the door to a multitude of implications, especially in terms of promoting responsible dog ownership. 



By understanding the profound impact of upbringing on how people treat their dogs, initiatives can be launched to educate current and prospective dog owners about the benefits of various parenting styles. 



Encouraging an authoritative style, which marries warmth with clear boundaries, may foster a balanced relationship that includes affection, discipline, and mutual respect between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-learn-better-with-praise-and-petting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owner and the dog</a>.



Additionally, these insights can inform the development of training programs that consider personal and cultural history as part of cultivating healthy owner-dog relationships. 



As further research continues to unravel this complex dynamic, there is hope for improved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/many-people-experience-puppy-blues-with-a-new-pet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pet welfare</a> and enriched human-animal interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



So, what does this tell us? As fascinating as these revelations are, this is merely the first step. The study has paved the way for further investigation into the link between parenting styles and how we treat our pets. 



Until then, perhaps it's time to reflect on how our childhood may be shaping the way we interact with our four-legged friends.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

How people treat their dogs is directly tied to their own childhood

A fascinating piece of research has opened the conversation about...

species in Discosomidae