<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fungi are a fascinating, abundant, and necessary part of our planet. Although they may seem like a basic form of life on our planet, the characteristics of fungi are actually incredibly complex and there is still a ton we’re learning about them. </span></p>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Many people know fungi just as the mushrooms we see above ground. But, there’s actually an entire underground world to these organisms far more complex and massive than what we see. </span></p>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Many types of fungi live very different lives, and each has its own life strategy. Here, we’ll go over some different characteristics of fungi and what their functions are.</span></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/mushrooms-116973_1280.jpg" alt="mushroom fruiting body caps" class="wp-image-1884743"/></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-different-types-of-fungi">Different Types of Fungi</h2>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">First, let’s quickly go over different types of fungi, which can be split up into broad categories. Some examples include mushrooms, yeast, mold, mildew, and rust fungi. </span></p>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mushrooms are definitely the most conspicuous fungus around, with many being edible and/or downright beautiful. They are what you see in the fall growing out of dead logs when you hike through the woods. </span></p>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Yeast is an incredibly important fungus in the food world, as it’s a necessary component for bread and beer, among other things. Mold, mildew, and rust are commercially important types of fungi, as these often attack food plants like corn and wheat.</span></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-characteristics-what-we-can-see">Fungi Characteristics: What We Can See</h2>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Now we can start talking about some characteristics and functions of different fungal features. We’ll start with the above-ground parts of fungi before digging a little bit deeper. After all, the visible parts of fungi are what we’re most familiar with and are easiest to find and understand. </span></p>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The above-ground parts of fungi almost always function for reproduction. They are called “fruiting bodies,” even though fungi don’t technically produce fruits as plants do. Instead, the fruiting bodies of fungi produce spores that are dispersed by various methods, revealing all sorts of different characteristics and functions.</span></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/agaric-2638701_1280.jpg" alt="mushroom gills spore dispersal" class="wp-image-1884739"/></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-release-the-spores">Release the Spores!</h2>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Perhaps the most common method of spore dispersal is by air. Most mushrooms we’re familiar with (like the ones we eat) release spores from “gills.” If you’ve ever picked a mushroom and noticed frilly lines on the underside of the cap, these are the gills! </span></p>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Spores are almost lighter than air, so when a mushroom is ready, it just releases its spores and the wind will take care of the rest. Fungus spores can travel incredible distances, and regularly float around <a href="https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-discover-fungal-shrapnel-floating-through-the-atmosphere#:~:text=Nanoparticles%20of%20Fungal%20Spores%20Have%20Been%20Detected%20Floating%20in%20Our%20Atmosphere,-DAVID%20NIELD&amp;text=%22The%20appearance%20of%20large%20numbers,breaking%20down%20from%20larger%20particles.%22" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">high in the atmosphere</a>!</span></p>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Water is another mechanism for spore dispersal. Water -dispersed spores are often characteristically shaped as to keep them afloat. Some even have flagella on them, which can actively move a spore allowing it to “swim” through water! </span></p>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One type of fungus, called bird’s nest fungi, has one of the most interesting types of water dispersal in the fungus kingdom. Its fruiting body is shaped like a cup and contains little spore packets that resemble eggs in a nest. When a raindrop hits the cup just right, the spore packet is launched into the air!</span></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/977px-Birds_Nest_Fungus_Cyathus_olla_-_Flickr_-_Andrea_Westmoreland.jpg" alt="Bird's nest fungus Cyathus olla" class="wp-image-1884740"/></figure>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br>Finally, some fungi rely on animals to disperse their spores, much like how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollination-insects-plant-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">flowering plants rely on pollinators</a>. Mushrooms can smell like anything from fruit to rotting meat, which attracts insects such as beetles or carrion flies to the fruiting body. </span></p>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The insect then gets covered in spores and releases them on their walk through the forest. One study found that <a href="https://microbiologysociety.org/publication/past-issues/light/article/circadian-rhythm-in-fungal-bioluminescence-nature-s-bright-idea.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">bioluminescent fungi attract insects</a> to disperse their spores!</span></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-characteristics-the-underground">Fungi Characteristics: The Underground</h2>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Once a spore is successfully dispersed, it must turn into a fungus. The spore begins to grow underground and develop into mycelium, which is the non-reproductive vegetative part of a fungus. The mycelium is a network of cells that can be microscopically small or easily visible to the human eye.</span></p>



<p>If you’ve ever removed the top layer of soil in the forest, especially in the fall after dead leaves accumulate, you may have noticed some fluffy white stuff mixed in with the soil. What you’re seeing is the mycelium of a fungus! Mycelium is a common fungi characteristic and its function is the same.</p>



<p>Mycelium can spread for literal miles underground, like this honey fungus in Oregon which is thought to be the largest organism in the world!</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/640px-Oyster_mushroom_Pleurotus_ostreatus_mycelium_in_petri_dish_on_coffee_grounds.jpeg" alt="Mycelium oyster mushroom hyphae" class="wp-image-1884741"/></figure>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br>The function of mycelium is essentially the same function of plant roots: to absorb nutrients. Unlike plants, fungi can’t produce their own energy through photosynthesis, so they need to get 100% of their nutrients and energy through their mycelium.</span></p>



<p>Tiny hair-like structures called hyphae make up the mycelium, and these thin strands of cells are responsible for digesting organic compounds into energy for the fungus. To do so, the hyphae secrete <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-are-digestive-plant-enzymes/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">digestive enzymes</a>.</p>



<p>These enzymes break down nutrients that are often large and complex, like proteins and carbohydrates, into smaller more usable forms. Then, the hyphae absorb the simpler compounds directly into the mycelium.</p>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Some fungi are very picky as to where they get their nutrients. For example, certain plant pathogens only attack specific plant species and can’t get their nutrients from any others. Other fungi are generalists and can break down nutrients from all kinds of dead organic material.</span></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignnone wp-image-1884742 size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/1024px-Cordyceps.jpg" alt="cordyceps fungus entomopathogenic" class="wp-image-1884742"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Cordyceps fungus. Image by <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cordyceps.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Erich G. Vallery</a> via Wikimedia commons.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-characteristics-and-function-in-action">Fungi Characteristics and Function in Action</h2>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Some types of fungi provide incredible examples of the variety of life strategies out there. Perhaps the most fascinating fungi in this regard are the entomopathogenic fungi. “Entomo” means related to insects, and “pathogenic” means causing disease. So, these are fungi that cause a very peculiar ailment in insects.</span></p>



<p>First, a spore becomes airborne. An insect eventually breathes in the free-floating spore and becomes infected. The spore will develop into a fungus inside the body of the insect and eventually hijack the insect’s nervous system, creating a literal zombie!</p>



<p>The fungus forces the insect to climb to a high place and hold on for dear life. Then, the fungus begins to create the fruiting body which erupts out of the insect’s body and releases its spores. Then, the process can start all over again!</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image alignnone wp-image-1884767 size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/IMG_3291.jpeg" alt="characteristics of fungi" class="wp-image-1884767"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Moss and fungi growing on a log. Image by the editor.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-ecological-functions">Fungi Ecological Functions</h2>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The characteristics of fungi not only function to keep the organism alive and reproduce, they also function on a broad ecological scale. For example, the fruiting bodies of fungus are important food and <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-is-chaga-intro-to-the-alaskan-medicinal-mushroom/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">medicine</a> for many animals, including humans! The mycelium is incredibly important for the forest as a whole. </span></p>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In fact, without mycelium, the soil wouldn’t have enough “glue” to keep it together and would wash away entirely. Many fungi have extremely important symbiotic relationships with plants and animals. Perhaps the most notable of these relationships are fungi called mycorrhizae. </span></p>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mycorrhizae associate with plant roots, and are essential for plants to acquire important nutrients like phosphorus that are otherwise inaccessible to the fungus’ above-ground counterpart.&nbsp;</span></p>



<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Hopefully, you now have a better understanding of fungi characteristics and what their function is!</span></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Understanding Fungi: Characteristics and Function

Fungi are a fascinating, abundant, and necessary part of our...

English,Bulldog,Puppy,Playing,With,A,Lilac,Flower

<img class="alignnone wp-image-1877620 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/bison-above-old-faithful-3886102_1280.jpg" alt="Bison or Plants? Plant blindness example" width="1280" height="856" />

What would you say this is a picture of? Obviously, it seems like the right answer is a bison. The bison is front and center. It is the most engaging object in the photo. Notice, however, that the bison is a very small part of the photo. In fact, it covers only 4% of the photo area. What covers the rest? Aside from some steam from the hot springs and cliffs in the background, plants cover the vast majority of this picture. For some reason, it would seem wrong to call this a plant photo rather than a bison photo. Why is that? Perhaps you are experiencing plant blindness.
<h2>Our Brains Are Wired to Pay Attention to Animals</h2>
It is impossible to analyze all the neural signals our eyes send to our brains. As a result, our brains prioritize some objects over others. Human brains respond intensely to the emotion of fear. A bison is much more likely to instill fear in us compared to stationary plants. Even when something isn't dangerous, such as a squirrel, our brains still respond more to its' movement rather than the stillness of the background.

We prefer to pay attention to things that seem more 'human'. Since it is difficult to see anything human about plants, we choose to see the squirrel instead. It has eyes, arms, and a mouth, whereas plants have just about nothing we can connect to (interestingly enough, we share about 60% of the exact DNA of a banana). Responding to movement is evolutionarily advantageous because it allows us to recognize predators and avoid them.

Additionally, we have a bias against anything that blends together. <a href="https://plants.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Plants</a> tend to be some shade between brown, yellow, and green. Our brains tend to ignore this sort of monotony. Instead, it prefers to focus on more vivid, contrasting objects in our field of vision. If a plant is flowering with a particularly bright flower, we might prefer to look at it over other plants. However, add an animal to the equation and we are likely to ignore the flowering plant to pay attention to the animal. In short, animals tend to catch our attention, while plants rarely do. We respond to fear, movement, and contrast.

This is our biology as humans. This hasn't changed much throughout human history. However, it provides the backdrop for understanding the concept of plant blindness.

[caption id="attachment_1877618" align="alignnone" width="1280"]<img class="wp-image-1877618 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/floral-art-2761477_1280.jpg" alt="Ducks or plants? Plant blindness exercise" width="1280" height="747" /> Do you see ducks or plants?[/caption]
<h2>What Is Plant Blindness?</h2>
Plant blindness, as described 20 years ago by two botany professors, is "the inability to see plants in one's own environment". Many botanists believe that plant blindness has become increasingly common in recent years. As humans become more urban, people spend less time in the natural world. Fewer hours in nature results in less time interacting with plants. How are we supposed to know the plants if we don't spend any time with them?

For example, did you know that there are over 3,000 species and varieties of grasses in the U.S. alone? It's easy to overlook these modest plants and instead categorize them into a simple group, such as 'grass'. Many of the plants you might categorize as 'grasses' are instead sedges or rushes, completely different plant families all together!

[caption id="attachment_1877619" align="alignnone" width="1280"]<img class="wp-image-1877619 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/botanical-garden-850860_1280.jpg" alt="Cacti at Chicago Botanic Garden" width="1280" height="960" /> A botanic garden display highlighting the diversity of cacti. Note how those bright red flowers probably caught your attention first.[/caption]
<h3>Shuttering of Botany Programs</h3>
Botanists fear that a diminishing botanical literacy will result in fewer resources for plant science and conservation. A real example of this trend is seen in botany departments at universities. Since 1988, over half of the 50 most well-funded universities in the U.S. have axed their botany programs. These botany programs have been combined into general biology programs. These general biology programs have far fewer options in plant science than their former, botany-exclusive counterparts. The result? A frightening loss in plant knowledge.

This closing of programs has led to a similar decrease in botany degrees. While more students currently attend college than ever, universities produce 50% fewer students with botany degrees now than they did in the late '80s.  In fact, across the entire U.S., fewer than 200 students received undergraduate degrees in botany in 2008.

Take a moment to consider the astonishing extent to which plants are present in our lives. We wear them as clothes. We eat them every day as food. We use them to build structures that we live and work in. We use them in over 28,000 currently prescribed medicines. We sleep on them in our beds. They regulate our climate. If plants disappeared, humans would be in trouble very quickly. Now consider again that only 200 people graduate with degrees in botany each year in the U.S.
<h2>Plant Blindness and Climate Change</h2>
Plants will have difficulty with our changing climate. Unlike animals, who are mobile, plants stay in one place their entire lives. If the climate becomes hotter and drier, a tree can't walk to a cooler, wetter place. As a result, local populations of plants are threatened with extinction. With so few botanists in the country, many of these populations may go extinct unnoticed. As they disappear, we lose genetic material than could be helpful in producing the next drug or food. In order to combat the effects of climate change on plants, we need more watchful eyes than ever. Unfortunately, we know that there are fewer field botanists each year.

If everyone was as tuned into their natural world as they were two hundred years ago, we would be able to <em>see</em> the effects of climate change more directly. We would notice that the trees turn yellow in November instead of October. We might notice that our garden plants produce flowers earlier in the spring. Scientists have shown these trends with data, but that hasn't seemed to make climate change the important political issue it needs to be. Perhaps if we took the time to pay attention to how our local surroundings have changed, we would be more alarmed by what's happening. Climate change isn't an invisible ghost. It is here now and it is only going to become more intense.

<img class="alignnone wp-image-1877617 size-full" style="font-size: 16px;" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/st-louis-2656461_1280.jpg" alt="Missouri Botanic Gardens" width="1280" height="960" /><span style="font-size: 14px;">Botanical gardens, such as the Missouri Botanical Garden, are incredible resources for plant knowledge.</span>
<h2>Can Social Media Cure Plant Blindness?</h2>
Maybe. It's difficult to overstate the importance of traditional, hands-on botanical training. However, social media may provide a useful way for people to learn about their local plants. Platforms like Twitter have helped people accidentally discover new populations of rare plants. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/citizen-scientists-rare-species/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Citizen science</a>, where regular people contribute little bits of info to the scientific community, is on the rise.

Users take pictures of a plant, and the app helps identify it. Users can see pictures of plants posted from their area. They can also communicate and share with other people in the online plant community. Apps like this are a great way to increase botanical literacy. They are easy to use, helpful, and accessible to everyone.

Can social media and citizen science make up the lack of funds for botany programs? Let's hope so!

-----

Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.

-----

Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

-----

What Is Plant Blindness? How Is it Related to Climate Change?

What would you say this is a picture of? Obviously,...

A,Spoonful,Of,Edible,Flowers

<p>Imagine, 75% of the calories consumed by humans come from just 12 plant and 5 livestock species. Humans regularly cultivate only 200 species of edible plants and flowers for food, out of the nearly half-million that exist.</p>
<p>With over 400,000 species of flowering plants alone, there must be more diversity that we can bring to our plate. In fact, scientists believe that we could realistically eat about 300,000 of these plant species. In this article, we explore edible flowers.</p>
<p>With so many flowers in the world, their potential for human food is quite vast. Some flowers are surprisingly common in the grocery store, whereas others are regular garden plants. Flowers lend themselves well to <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/8-edible-flowers-that-taste-great-in-salads/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">salads</a>, baking, and adding bright colors to dishes.</p>
<h2><img class="alignnone wp-image-1875884 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/broccoli-1629643_1280.jpg" alt="edible flowers, broccoli, floret" width="1280" height="960" /></h2>
<h2>Broccoli</h2>
<p>This plant must be the most eaten flower in the world. World production of broccoli is around 26 million tons annually. Can you believe that broccoli is a flower? In fact, a head of broccoli contains thousands of individual flower buds. Each tiny green dot is a flower waiting to burst open. However, broccoli is typically harvested before the buds turn into flowers.</p>
<p>Fun fact: brussel sprouts, cauliflower, kale, and broccoli are all the same species of plant, <em>Brassica oleracea</em>. Farmers harvest cauliflower before the vegetable can turn into buds, so it isn't technically an edible flower. Both brussel sprouts and kale are leaves of the plant. Therefore, they are also not flowers.<i></i></p>
<h3>How to prepare:</h3>
<p>Broccoli is an incredibly versatile food. It can be steamed, baked, boiled, fried, sautéed, or eaten raw. Cultures across the globe regularly consume this grocery store staple. Next time you eat broccoli, think about the hundreds of little flowers in your mouth!</p>
<h2><img class="alignnone wp-image-1875885 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/flowers-670579_1280.jpg" alt="edible flowers, squash blossom" width="853" height="1280" /></h2>
<h2>Squash Blossom (Flor de Calabaza)</h2>
<p>Squash is an abundant and common summer vegetable (well, technically a fruit). Did you know that the blossom of the plant, rather than the fruit, is a common food item elsewhere in the world?</p>
<p>The large, orange blossoms are some of the most satisfying flowers to eat. They cook well, keep a nice texture, and have a mild, squashy flavor.</p>
<p>Squash plants have separate male and female flowers. Only female flowers turn into squash, so male flowers can be picked freely, as long as a few are left to pollinate the females. Male flowers tend to be further out from the center of the plant, have a skinny base, and are more abundant.</p>
<p>While squash blossoms are delicious, they are hard to find in traditional grocery stores because they have a very short shelf life. If you have a garden, try to learn to tell the difference between male and female so you have a fresh supply!</p>
<h3>How to Prepare:</h3>
<p>Before eating, the inner parts of the flower (stamen or stigma) must be removed, along with the pollen. Use these flowers as quickly as possible because they can go bad quickly. Mexicans use Flor de Calabaza as a common ingredient for soups and quesadillas.</p>
<p>They can also be used as a pizza topping or sautéed with onions and added to a variety of dishes. For a simple preparation, they can be tossed into pasta or a salad for some great color and mild flavor.</p>
<h2><img class="alignnone wp-image-1875886 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/bread-2756463_1280.jpg" alt="edible flowers, nasturtium" width="1280" height="853" /></h2>
<h2>Nasturtium</h2>
<p>This landscaping favorite is also an edible flower. It grows easily in most of the continental U.S., <a href="https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">from hardiness zones 4 to 11</a>. The plant flowers for many months of the year, which make it a consistent food producer. This flower has a peppery taste almost reminiscent of wasabi. They grow in all of the sunset colors and have a nice crunch.</p>
<h3>How to prepare:</h3>
<p>Nasturtium flowers are best eaten fresh. Use them to top salads for a contrasting, bright color and zingy flavor. They can also be used to top pastries and cakes to add to their appearance.</p>
<h2><img class="alignnone wp-image-1875882 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/saffron-3291935_1280.jpg" alt="edible flowers, saffron, spice" width="1280" height="840" /></h2>
<h2>Saffron</h2>
<p>Alright, I admit it. By weight, saffron probably isn't one of the most popular edible flowers. Global production of saffron is a mere 300 tons annually. It is the most expensive spice on the planet, in part because of the tremendous labor needed to harvest the plant.</p>
<p>A saffron 'thread' is a stigma of a special kind of crocus flower. Each flower produces a mere 3 threads. It takes 50,000 individual flowers to make one pound of spice. All this labor is done by hand. Iran grows the majority of the world's saffron.</p>
<h3>How to prepare:</h3>
<p>Due to its global scarcity, this special spice is difficult to find and very expensive. Specialty spice shops are the best place to find saffron. It is most commonly used to flavor rice.</p>
<p>The red of the saffron will also turn the rice a pleasant yellow color. To cook saffron rice, steep the saffron threads in a few tablespoons of water. Add this water with the threads to the rice as it cooks. Easy as that!</p>
<h2><img class="alignnone wp-image-1875883 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/artichoke-267974_1280.jpg" alt="edible flowers, artichoke" width="1280" height="720" /></h2>
<h2>Artichokes</h2>
<p>What? Yes, just like broccoli, artichokes are also flowers. How fun! These plants are in the sunflower family. When flowering, the plant looks like a thistle. The edible parts of an artichoke are the numerous petals that surround the center of the flower.</p>
<p>Once the artichoke opens into a flower, the petals become tough and nearly inedible. Artichoke must be one of the most commonly eaten flowers in the world, with a global annual production of 1.45 million tons.</p>
<h3>How to Prepare:</h3>
<p>As a fresh food, artichokes are steamed until the flesh at the base of the petals is soft and tender. These petals are typically dipped in mayonnaise, melted butter, or garlic-flavored olive oil.</p>
<p>Artichoke hearts are also marinated with herbs and spices. These marinated hearts are great in pizza, pasta, or anything Italian. In fact, Italy is the world's largest producer of artichokes.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone wp-image-1875887 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/food-2522584_640.jpg" alt="edible flowers, lavender" width="640" height="442" /></p>
<h2>English Lavender</h2>
<p>There are many<a href="https://www.gardenmandy.com/types-of-lavender-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> species, varieties, and hybrids of lavender</a>. English lavender, the most fragrant, is considered the best for essential oils and cooking. While this plant is more commonly used as a scent or in herbal infusions, it can also be used to flavor foods.</p>
<p>The flowers are a pleasant purple color, and their small size makes them aesthetically appealing when sprinkled on pastries. Lavender is native to the Mediterranean basin, and all species are moderately to extremely drought-tolerant.</p>
<p>This plant grows well in most the continental US, excluding the colder parts of the Northeast, upper Midwest, and the Rocky Mountains.</p>
<h3>How to prepare:</h3>
<p><strong>Beware:</strong> lavender has a strong flavor and can easily overpower a dish. Be conservative when adding lavender to avoid making your food taste like perfume. Keep in mind that dried lavender is about 3 times more potent than fresh lavender. It can be used in place of rosemary in many recipes. It can also be used to flavor bread by adding it in place of thyme.</p>
<p>Grinding the flowers in a coffee grinder, or with a mortar and pestle, will enhance their flavor. As with all flowers, be sure to use food-grade flowers rather than flowers from a nursery or florist. These flowers are more likely to have nasty pesticides and chemical, which you don't want in your food.</p>
<p>This list of edible flowers is obviously incredibly abbreviated. There are so many kinds to try in the world. However, please don't harvest native wildflowers.</p>
<p>These are super important food sources for all sorts of wildlife. When you pick a flower, you functionally kill a plant because it can no longer produce seeds. There are so many edible non-native flowers, garden flowers, and landscaping flowers in your neighborhood. Just start looking!</p>


<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>. </p>



<p>-----</p>

Most Popular Edible Flowers (And How to Eat Them)

Imagine, 75% of the calories consumed by humans come from...

Common,Lionfish,{pterois,Volitans},Is,An,Invasive,Species,In,The

Invasive Species Introduction (Plants & Animals)

Asian carp in the Mississippi River. Kudzu vine in Fiji....

A,Beautiful,Majestic,Lion,Sits,In,A,Regal,Pose,With

A hundred years ago over 200,000 lions roamed Africa and Asia. Today, that number is about 20,000. That's a 90% reduction in the population of one of the most charismatic creatures in the world. So, is the lion endangered?

It seems like it should be easy to say whether a species is endangered or not. The poor vaquita in the Sea of Cortez is an unarguably, critically endangered animal. At last count, scientists think there are fewer than 19 individuals.

Lions, however, are more complicated. They span dozens of countries on two continents. In fact, some populations are of 'least concern,' whereas others are 'critically endangered.' How could the same species have all these designations?
<h2>Let's Think About Populations Instead of the Entire Species</h2>
The field of Conservation Science is a lot more than simply preventing the disappearance of entire species from the planet. Extinction is the worst-case scenario, but there are plenty of undesirable options between an unthreatened species and an extinct one.

The lion, for example, is currently extinct in 26 countries (possibly 33). Some of these countries include Morocco, Iran, Egypt, Turkey, and Congo. These <em>regional</em> extinctions are significant. Each population of now-extinct lions had unique genes to thrive in a particular environment.

When all lions from North Africa disappeared, all lions suited to live in that harsh, desert climate also disappeared. Lions no longer roam anywhere in the Middle East, either.

If humans decide to reintroduce lions to these desert areas, where will we choose the lions from?

If, for example, a population of lions still lived in Egypt, then those would be the obvious candidates for reintroduction to the Middle East. However, none of the currently extant (meaning existing, or alive) populations of lions know these kinds of landscapes. Compared to the now-extinct North African lions, reintroduction with other African lions could be difficult.

I will focus on the conservation status of four regions of lions that are currently alive.

[caption id="attachment_1877494" align="alignnone" width="800"]<img class="wp-image-1877494 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/800px-Lion_distribution.png" alt="lion distribution" width="800" height="698" /> This map was made in 2009. The present distribution is much smaller in West Africa now than it was in 2009. Map courtesy of<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion#/media/File:Lion_distribution.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Tommy Knocker</a>[/caption]
<h2>Western and Central Africa Endangered Lions</h2>
These lions are the most threatened on the planet. I mentioned above that lions are possibly extinct in 7 additional countries. All of these countries are in Western and Central Africa. This is because lion populations in this region have declined two-thirds in the last 20 years.

Only one substantial population remains in all of Western and Central Africa, which is on the border of Burkina Faso and Benin (it's okay if you have to look at an atlas). This population might have as many as 200 lions, but all other West and Central African populations have fewer than 20 individual lions.

The conservation community largely ignored this region in lion conservation efforts. Plenty of sufficient habitats exists for lions throughout this region. However, the prey is naturally less dense here compared to the rest of Africa.

This landscape has more forests and deserts, which don't have the same <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrying_capacity" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">carrying capacity</a> for large animals as places like the Serengeti National Park. This lack of prey made these lions evolve to be smaller and hunt in smaller prides than their Eastern and Southern African counterparts.

The human population of West African countries has increased rapidly over the last few decades. Unfortunately, the presence of more humans is almost always bad for wildlife.

Food shortages from overfishing increased the demand for bushmeat. This bushmeat is the prey for lions. Since the natural abundance of bushmeat was already low in this region, any human hunting of this prey is particularly bad for lion populations.

As is stands, this region's lions are considered critically endangered. It is very possible that the West African lion will become extinct in the very near future unless successful conservation programs are quickly put into place.
<h2><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1877497" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/lion-565820_1280.jpg" alt="lion cub" width="1280" height="853" /></h2>
<h2>Endangered Lions in India</h2>
The story of the Asiatic lion is tragic, but at the same time hopeful.

The Asiatic lion used to roam all of the Middle-East through the very southern tip of India. Like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-tigers-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Caspian tiger</a>, hunters systematically persecuted Asiatic lions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Unlike the Caspian tiger, which went extinct, the Asiatic lion eked out a home in one small area of southeastern India, in the province of Gujarat.

Only 18 lions existed in 1893. (How people estimated lion populations in 1893 is beyond me.) An Indian ruler used this area as his private hunting grounds, which saved the lions from persecution.

The Indian government established the Gir Forest to protect these lions in 1965. Since then, areas around the Gir Forest have been protected as well. In 1994, the lion population was up to 284 lions. In 2010 it was 411 lions. The last census, in 2017, counted 650 lions.

These lions have reached their carrying capacity within their protected habitat. This means that new lions need to move outside of protected areas, into areas more densely populated and used by humans. About a third of the lions now live in areas among villages and people. The lions live in and around 1000 villages in India.

This crowding increases the potential for human-lion conflict. However, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (<a href="https://www.iucn.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">IUCN</a>), the most established group for conservation ratings, uplisted the Asiatic lion from 'Critically Endangered' to 'Endangered' in 2008.
<h3>What About the Future of the Indian Lion?</h3>
While this population is currently healthy, it is still vulnerable to many risks. Canine distemper virus, which lions can contract from encounters with dogs, has begun to affect this lion population. Last year, it killed 34 lions. This virus is very contagious and could wreak havoc on the lion population in a matter of weeks under the wrong circumstances.

Also, if the Gir Forest burns or gets affected by some natural disaster, the population would be at risk because they have nowhere else to go. The next step for Indian lion conservation is to establish a second population somewhere else in the country. This way, if one population faces a large setback, it can be helped by the second population.

Asiatic lions are currently listed as endangered.
<h2><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1877499" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/africa-21787_1280.jpg" alt="endangered lion" width="1280" height="853" /></h2>
<h2>Eastern Africa Endangered Lions</h2>
Eastern Africa is home to the majestic Serengeti plains. This landscape is the quintessential lion habitat. Unfortunately, lions are faring poorly in this region.

A 2015 census showed that the lion population decreased by 60% in three lion generations (about 20 years). A species is considered endangered if it's population shrinks by more than 50% in three generations.

Human-caused habitat loss drives much of the lion population decrease in this area. Lions also occasionally kill cattle. Cattle ranchers become irritated by wildlife threatening their livelihood and resort to dealing with the problem themselves. More often than not, this means killing the lions that killed their cattle.

Some governments try to reimburse cattle ranchers for their loses, but practices like this are difficult to successfully implement. As mentioned, canine distemper virus also threatens these lions.

Fortunately, Eastern Africa has large protected areas. Lions inside these areas seem to be faring okay, with populations only slightly declining. The real loses occurred in populations outside these protected areas, where human-lion conflict is more likely.

While it's difficult to give this large area one conservation rating, the IUCN deems these populations as endangered.
<h2><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1877495" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/lion-515029_1280.jpg" alt="hungry lion" width="1280" height="853" /></h2>
<h2>Southern Africa</h2>
Southern Africa has a little bit of good news for conservationists. This region has more money and tourism than other parts of Africa. As a result, parks have more resources to put towards conservation. These parks have installed fences to help keep lions inside and reduce human-lion conflict.

The result?

In the same time frame that Western, Central, and Eastern Africa have lost two-thirds of their lion population, Southern African populations have increased by 12%. In fenced areas across this region, populations increased by 30%, whereas populations in unfenced areas decreased by 10%.

The density of people in Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Botswana are 26, 2.5, and 3.4 people per square kilometer, respectively. Compared to Nigeria and Ghana, with a density of 189 and 102 people per square kilometer, it's easy to imagine why lion populations have done better in Southern Africa.

Southern African countries have had more success in lion conservation than other countries, but simply fencing in parks won't save lions in other parts of Africa.

True, sustainable conservation must happen through lifting front-line communities out of poverty and giving them an incentive to conserve, rather than threaten lions. The conservation community has failed in the past and currently by trying to exclude locals from their ancestral homelands to conserve wildlife. This led to general resentment towards wildlife, causing poaching and other undesirable actions.

Conservation ethics aside, the positive population trend in southern Africa, combined with strong local buy-in to conservation, led the IUCN to give Southern African lions a '<strong>least concern'</strong> rating. This is the best rating available.
<h2>Will the Lion Disappear?</h2>
It's worth noting that the IUCN Redlist <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15951/115130419" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">lists the lion as threatened</a>. While it's likely we will see populations go extinct in the near future, the complete disappearance of lions from the planet is unlikely. This is both a hopeful and anxiety-provoking situation with no easy answers.

If you want to practice conservation yourself, start closer to home rather than trying to save the lions. They aren't in our backyard, and other people, such as locals and African biologists, understand them much better than we do.

-----

Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.

-----

Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

-----

Are Lions Endangered? It's Complicated.

A hundred years ago over 200,000 lions roamed Africa and...

Terraced,Paddy,Field,In,Mae-jam,Village,,,Chaingmai,Province,,

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">People around the world have discovered clever ways to farm in tough conditions. Their land could be too dry, too wet, too hot, or prone to insects or damaging storms. If the land is too steep, people might try terrace farming. Cultures in Peru, Japan, the Philippines, Mexico, the Mediterranean, East Africa, Yemen, and China have all independently created the concept of terrace farming, or terracing.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img class="alignnone wp-image-1874101 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/IMG_0009.jpg.jpg" alt="terraces, terrace farming" width="1280" height="739" /></span></p>
<p> </p>
<h2>Why Doesn't Regular Farming Work on Hills?</h2>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Conventional farming removes all trees and plants to replace them with a crop, such as wheat. This sort of farming fails on steep slopes because it creates erosion and landslides. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/erosion/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Erosion</a> is the process of s</span>oil wearing away due to water or wind. Without trees and other vegetation to slow down water, rain storms cause significant erosion on the land.</p>
<p>The water has less resistance as it runs down the hill, so it can run faster and pick up more soil as it moves.</p>
<p>This erosion carries vital nutrients and productive soil downhill, away from the farmland. Over many years, this sort of erosion can cause a slope to become infertile.</p>
<p>Additionally, a de-vegetated slope is more prone to mudslides if it becomes waterlogged from lots of rain.<strong> A mudslide could ruin an entire years crop and make the land much harder to farm in the future.</strong> Yikes!</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img class="alignnone wp-image-1874100 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/IMG_0008.jpg.jpg" alt="terraces, terrace farming" width="1920" height="1030" /></p>
<p> </p>
<h2>How Is Terracing Done?</h2>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Terracing turns a slope into level, benched out steps by moving soil and creating retaining walls. This restructuring allows un-farmable hillsides to become stable, productive farmlands. Some typical crops grown in terraces include barley, wheat, potatoes, corn, tea, olive, grape vines, coffee, and rice.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> A terrace is typically about 2-3 meters wide and 50-80 meters long. Some terraces flood with rain water, such as those used to farm rice. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A terrace usually has one outlet for water to drain into the terrace below. This lower terrace stops the water and prevents it from gaining enough speed to cause erosion. This way, the water deposits any soil in the downhill terraces as it slows down.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><img class="alignnone wp-image-1874099 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/IMG_0007.jpg.jpg" alt="terraces, terrace farming" width="1280" height="648" /></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><strong>Advantages of Terrace Farming</strong></h2>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Science has validated the millennia-old tradition of terrace farming. When growing potatoes in Canada, researchers found that terracing on a steep <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5355443/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">slope reduced erosion by 20-1</a>. In Japan, terracing even reduced erosion compared to the same landscape planted with trees!</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In China, terracing on a shallow slope <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095633915300642" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">decreased soil nutrient loss by 90%</a>. It also decreased the amount of soil lost by 60-90%, and increased general soil moisture by 21%. In arid regions of Ethiopia, terraced farms produced up to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985715/#!po=50.0000" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">33% more food during drought years</a> compared to conventionally farmed slopes. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Terracing increases soil moisture because rain to soaks into flat areas rather than running downslope. Many dry regions will become more arid with climate change. This means terracing is a climate resilient solution. </span></p>
<p> </p>
[caption id="attachment_1874098" align="alignnone" width="1280"]<img class="wp-image-1874098 size-full" style="font-size: 16px;" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/IMG_0006.jpg.jpg" alt="machu picchu, inca" width="1280" height="960" /> Terracing was used to supply in the Incan empire with much of its' food. It is believed the Incans farmed the area of Yellowstone using terraces. Machu Picchu is a stellar example of well-built terraces.[/caption]
<p> </p>
<h2>Preserving Cultures</h2>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Culturally, terrace farming preserves indigenous techniques from around the world. An area in the Philippines received the first “Living Cultural Landscape” designation by UNESCO. There, cultures wove the farming technique into their land and traditions for centuries. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Machines such as tractors and chemical appliers aren't used on terraces because of the structures’ highly irregular shapes. This lack of mechanized labor promotes traditional ways of living, such as farming small pieces of land with hand tools. Without machines and chemicals, terrace farming has a much lower carbon footprint than conventional farming.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<h2>Challenges</h2>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Terrace farming certainly has difficulties, as well. Terracing requires massive inputs of labor. Creating a terrace requires moving tons of soil and building hundreds of meters of stone walls, typically by hand. Once established, terraces need routine maintenance to continue functioning. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Historically, labor was readily available in rural, mountainous areas of the world. Currently, however, young, able-bodied people move to cities to become educated and work higher paying jobs. Older women and men maintain the terraces, instead. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This lack of labor results in less upkeep. <a href="https://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/article/terracing-double-edged-solution-farming-difficult-landscapes/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Once a terrace is abandoned</a>, the retaining walls crumble and nearly all of the productive topsoil is lost to wind and water erosion. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">From a natural point of view, steep slopes are some of the only areas spared from human manipulation. In places where all flat areas and small hills have been deforested, steep slopes are important for the remaining wildlife and plants. If terrace farming increases, these remnant ecosystems will inevitably be lost.</span></p>
<p> </p>
[caption id="attachment_1874095" align="alignnone" width="640"]<img class="wp-image-1874095 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/42352857652_fc340ae92a_z.jpg" alt="" width="640" height="416" /> Photo by <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/131880272@N06/42352857652" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Cultivar413</a>[/caption]
<p> </p>
<h2><strong>Terracing At Home</strong></h2>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Terracing is not only applicable to farmers. Many homeowners build terraces if their yard is on a slope! Homeowners can then grow gardens and fruit trees, or create pleasant sitting areas where previously they had an unusable slope. Garden terraces also make for beautiful landscapes. And as an added plus, if you grow berries on terraces you can pick them from the terrace below without having to bend over!</span></p>
<p> </p>


<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>. </p>



<p>-----</p>

What Is Terrace Farming?

People around the world have discovered clever ways to farm...

Digital,Illustration,Of,The,Earth's,Magnetosphere,Deflecting,Solar,Wind,And

Earth's Magnetic Field: Origin, Structure, and Impact on Humanity

Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is...

Houseplant Identification 101

It can be soothing to care for houseplants and help...

Purslane,Or,Common,Purslane,,Medicinal,Properties.

Purslane is a common herb that’s renowned for its medicinal benefits. Its scientific name, <em>Portulaca oleracea</em>, literally means “herbal purslane” and describes the plant’s edible and medicinal properties.

In fact, humans have been using purslane for millennia, and now the plant has thousands of names in many different languages. Purslane has an incredibly wide distribution and can be found on three continents.

It grows naturally in Northern Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Southern Asia, Indonesia, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-inhabitants-australia/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Australia</a>. Its massive range is likely due to anthropogenic means, as humans likely spread this plant across the globe for its edible and medicinal properties.

Today, purslane is still eaten for its medicinal benefits. It’s one of the healthiest plants out there and is chock full of vitamins and minerals. It can be used as a garnish or in salads and adds a fresh, sour taste to many dishes. So what exactly are the pros of eating purslane? Keep reading to learn about 10 surprising purslane benefits!
<h2>Purslane Is Low in Calories</h2>
Purslane is mostly made of water. In fact, about 93% of the plant is just good old <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-splashes-science/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">H2O</a>. The remaining 7% is full of all sorts of important nutrients. 100 grams of purslane contains only 16 calories! So, purslane is an excellent choice for people watching their calorie content, while still providing loads of nutrients.
<h2>Purslane Is Packed With Vitamins</h2>
100 grams of purslane contains more than a quarter of your daily allotment of two essential vitamins:
<ul>
 	<li>Vitamin A: 44% of the recommended daily intake.</li>
 	<li>Vitamin C: 35%</li>
</ul>
Purslane also contains small amounts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vitamin-e-plays-a-critical-role-in-nervous-system-development/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">vitamin E</a> and vitamins B1, B2, and B3. In short, purslane is one of the most vitamin-rich plants in the world for its calorie content.
<h2>Minerals</h2>
Minerals are also essential for humans to function and all of the minerals in our body are from the food we eat. Purslane contains many important minerals:
<ul>
 	<li>Magnesium: 17% of the recommended daily intake.</li>
 	<li>Manganese: 15%</li>
 	<li>Potassium: 14%</li>
 	<li>Iron: 11%.</li>
 	<li>Calcium: 7%</li>
</ul>
Purslane also has trace amounts of copper and <a href="https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/phosphorus-plant-growth.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">phosphorus</a>. The diverse array of minerals in purslane make it a balanced source of these essential nutrients.

<img class="alignnone wp-image-1886162 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/shutterstock_1482275084.jpg" alt="purslane herb" width="1000" height="667" />
<h2>Purslane Benefits Bones</h2>
Who says milk is the only food that can strengthen bones? Two of the minerals found in purslane - calcium and magnesium - are super important for building and maintaining strong bones. A lack of calcium is a common cause of <a href="https://www.nof.org/patients/what-is-osteoporosis/#:~:text=Osteoporosis%20is%20a%20bone%20disease,bone%20looks%20like%20a%20honeycomb." target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">osteoporosis</a>, so eating purslane can reduce your risk of developing this condition.
<h2>Omega-3 Fatty Acids</h2>
Although purslane is generally low in fat, most of that fat is comprised of fatty acids. Fatty acids are essential for humans, but we can’t produce them ourselves. So, we must get them from our diet. Purslane is rich in Omega-3 fatty acids, which can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/celery-heart-disease-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">help prevent heart disease</a> and strokes. Purslane has more fatty acids than any other leafy green vegetable, making them a great choice to get that essential Omega-3!
<h2>Antioxidants</h2>
Purslane also has loads of antioxidants. Many of the nutrients we listed above are important antioxidants, including Vitamins C, E, and A. Aside from the vitamins, purslane also contains Glutathione, which protects cells from damage. It also has some <a href="https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/what-is-melatonin" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">melatonin</a>, which helps you keep a normal sleep cycle. Try eating purslane with your dinner to help yourself get a good night’s sleep!

<img class="alignnone wp-image-1886163 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/shutterstock_1792584202.jpg" alt="purslane benefits" width="1000" height="662" />
<h2>It Could Lower Your Risk of Cancer</h2>
Purslane contains a good amount of beta-carotene, the compound that gives its stems a reddish hue. Beta-carotene is another type of antioxidant found in purslane. Beta-carotene is good at reducing the number of free radicals in your body. Free radicals can increase the risk of cell damage, thereby increasing your risk of cancer. So, boosting the amount of beta-carotene you get can help lower your risk of cancer.
<h2>Purslane Might Help with Asthma</h2>
<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222050723_Bronchodilatory_effect_of_Portulaca_oleracea_in_airways_of_asthmatic_patients" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">One study</a> found purslane to help with asthma. Compared to normal treatments, purslane led to improved pulmonary function in asthmatic patients. Although this is just one study, the results are promising!

<img class="alignnone wp-image-1886164 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/shutterstock_1271776354.jpg" alt="branch of purslane" width="1000" height="667" />
<h2>Purslane May Benefit Diabetics</h2>
A <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4354065/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">small clinical study</a> found that people who ate purslane seeds ended up with a lower body mass index, lower serum triglyceride levels, and lower blood pressure than a control group. Although the study concludes that further research should be done, it is still very promising!
<h2>In Conclusion</h2>
The benefits of purslane do come with one caveat. Purslane is high in oxalates, which can increase the risk of getting kidney stones. However, unless you’re prone to getting kidney stones, the high oxalate content of purslane is no cause for concern. The average person would need to eat a lot of purslane to risk developing a kidney stone.

In all, purslane is an awesome leafy green plant that can make an excellent addition to your kitchen repertoire. There are many great recipes out there, so maybe it’s time to start experimenting in the kitchen and experience the great benefits of purslane!

Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

10 Surprising Purslane Benefits

Purslane is a common herb that’s renowned for its medicinal...

What Do We Know About Possible Earth-Like Exoplanets?

There are billions of planets out there in our galaxy,...

Ecological,Wetland

Have you heard the term 'watershed' but never actually had it explained to you? Fortunately, explaining a watershed is pretty easy, and the importance of watersheds can't really be overstated. Here, I'll try to explain watersheds using interesting examples and stories from around the world.

Before we dive in, the definition of a watershed on the <a href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/watershed.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's website</a> is "a land area that channels rainfall and snowmelt to creeks, streams, and rivers, and eventually to outflow points such as reservoirs, bays, and the ocean."
<h2>Explaining Watershed Basics</h2>
[caption id="attachment_1884610" align="alignnone" width="747"]<img class="wp-image-1884610 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/1024px-Casiquiarerivermap.png" alt="watershed map" width="747" height="747" /> A map of the Amazon River watershed. The area highlighted in yellow all drains towards the Amazon River. Thus, that is the Amazon watershed. Map by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kmusser?rdfrom=commons:User:Kmusser" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Karl Musser</a> via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Casiquiarerivermap.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wikimedia</a>[/caption]
<h3>1. The Amazon River Versus Your Local Stream - Watersheds Come In All Sizes</h3>
The Amazon watershed is the largest in the world, spanning some four million square kilometers. The map above shows all of the lands that drain into the Amazon River. The water in the Amazon River comes from Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil. All of these countries are part of the Amazon watershed.

The large rivers that feed directly into the Amazon, such as the Madeira and the Negro, are <em>major tributaries</em> to the Amazon. The Cassiquiare (highlighted in purple) is a <em>minor tributary</em>. Each of these smaller rivers has its own watershed, which is nested within the Amazon watershed.

As opposed to the Amazon, watersheds can also be small, such as an alpine mountain bowl. Since the water in the mountain bowl will connect with another stream in a short distance, that one alpine bowl is the entire watershed for that stream. Sometimes you can see an entire watershed at once if you are in the right place and it is a small watershed.

As a side note, watershed maps can make some pretty stunning visuals.

[caption id="attachment_1884609" align="alignnone" width="540"]<img class="wp-image-1884609 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/NorthAmericaDivides.gif" alt="continetal divides" width="540" height="481" /> A map of the continental divides in North America. Triple Divide Peak is where the green and red lines intersect. Map by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Atlas_of_the_United_States" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">National Atlas of the U.S.</a> via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NorthAmericaDivides.gif" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wikimedia</a>[/caption]
<h3>2. Triple Divide Peak - The Concept of Continental Divides</h3>
A continental divide is a high point that determines where water goes. If water falls on the left side of the Great Divide (red line) it flows to the Pacific Ocean. If it falls on the right side, it goes to the Gulf of Mexico.

Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park is a very interesting place with regards to watersheds. The peak is where the green and red lines meet on the map. Instead of a normal divide, this peak is the intersection of two continental divides. This means that a storm that hits Triple Divide Peak will send water to the Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and the Arctic Ocean all at once! That same storm will send water to the swamps of Louisiana and the icebergs of Canada.

Continental Divides are the largest of divides, but any ridge that separates two watersheds is considered a divide. As with watersheds, divides can be huge or small.

<img class="wp-image-1884605 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/P1040092-1.jpg" alt="arctic watershed" width="1020" height="766" />

An example of a watershed meeting the ocean in arctic Alaska. Photo by the author.
<h3>3. Tracking Pollution - How Tributaries Work</h3>
A watershed is made up of many tributaries, as described above. Imagine researchers in New Orleans (the end of the Mississippi watershed) noticed new oil pollution occurring in the Mississippi River. They can track down the source of that pollution by working backstream up to the source of oil pollution.

Since smaller tributaries flow into larger ones, the concentration of oil in the tributaries closer to the oil pollution will be higher. As the oil flows away from the pollution source, it gets diluted.

Say the researchers work upstream and get to the confluence (meeting point) of the Mississippi and Arkansas rivers. They notice most of the oil is coming from the Arkansas River, a major tributary of the Mississippi, so they work up that river until they find the next tributary contributing large amounts of oil. As they work up the tributaries, the concentration of oil in the water will increase and the researchers will likely find the culprits of the pollution. This is one way to find polluters using a watershed. It also demonstrates how tributaries work.

In a real-world example, in the Alaskan arctic, increasing wildfires due to climate change have altered the composition of rivers. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-alter-the-composition-of-arctic-watersheds-for-50-years/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">rivers now contain more carbon and nitrogen</a> from ash due to the fires than they previously did.
<h3>4. The Unpredictable Colorado River - Watersheds Change Throughout the Year</h3>
Before humans put a series of dams on it, the Colorado River was the most dynamic river in the world. The Colorado River is fed primarily by Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. Much of the flow comes from melting winter snowpack in those states. When almost all of the snow has melted in the late summer, there is very little water feeding the river.

Historically, the Colorado River, which <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/colorado-river-basin-focus-area-study?qt-science_center_objects=0#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">drains about 1/12th</a> of the continental U.S., could run as little more than a small stream in the deep summer of a dry year. Conversely, on a big snow year, and with strong summer monsoons, the Colorado River could reach <a href="http://classes.colgate.edu/rturner/econ326/Glen%20Canyon%20Dam/Default.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">500,00 cubic feet per second (cfs)</a>, pushing nearly as much water as the Mississippi. By contrast, the historical annual average for the river is about 22,500 cfs. This shows that rivers can change dramatically based on what happens in their watersheds.
<h3>5. The Great Basin - Sometimes Watersheds Don't Reach the Ocean</h3>
The Great Basin covers almost all of Nevada and some of its surrounding states (see in the continental divide map above). This area is defined by being an endorheic basin, which means that none of the rain or snow that falls within the basin makes it to the ocean.

Instead of a normal watershed that flows to the ocean, the Great Basin is like an enormous bowl. All precipitation that falls above the bowl drains to the bottom of the bowl. All the precipitation that falls outside the bowl makes it to the Pacific Ocean. In this analogy, the rim of the bowl represents the continental divide between the Great Basin and the Pacific Ocean.

You may be wondering "if the water doesn't drain out to the ocean, where does it go?"

In some cases, it collects in lakes, such as Pyramid Lake, Lake Tahoe, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/127991/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Great Salt Lake</a>. In other cases, it simply drains down into the earth through cracks in the rocks. Over millions of years, water that seeps through the rocks creates an aquifer. An aquifer is a massive underground reservoir of water.

While the idea of an endorheic basin might seem unlikely, they <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6267997/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">actually cover 20% </a>of the Earth's land area. Most of the interior of Asia is actually an endorheic basin!

[caption id="attachment_1884603" align="alignnone" width="638"]<img class="wp-image-1884603 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/P1060152-1.jpg" alt="endorheic watershed" width="638" height="479" /> These lakes flow into the valley far off. The valley is an endorheic basin, meaning the water doesn't flow to the ocean. Rather, it seeps belowground into an aquifer. Photo by the author.[/caption]
<h2>Explaining Watersheds and the Environment</h2>
<h3>5. Salmon Runs in the Elwha - Watersheds Indicate Environmental Health</h3>
As noted above with the pollution example, watersheds can tell us valuable information about our landscapes. Take the Elwha River in Olympic National Park, for example. In 2011, the national park began the largest dam removal in history. They took down two dams on the Elwah River, which had blocked salmon from spawning upstream for nearly 100 years.

From the perspective of a salmon, a watershed with lots of dams is not a good watershed. While salmon are impressive jumpers, they can't jump over dams 100 feet high. Since they need to head upriver to lay eggs, dams around the world prevent salmon from reproducing.

However, just a few years after the Elwah dams disappeared, the salmon came back in force. In the years since the removal, <a href="https://www.peninsuladailynews.com/sports/outdoors-elwha-river-summer-steelhead-on-the-rebound/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">steady salmon runs</a> have developed on the Elwah River.

The Elwah watershed is almost entirely within the national park, meaning it doesn't have many other environmental pressures such as human development or pollution. So when the dams came down, there was little preventing the salmon from recolonizing their historical homes.

This example of watershed restoration shows how the watershed's health can be an indication of an entire ecosystem's health. Since the Olympics are relatively pristine, the salmon easily retook their habitat. However, if humans took dams down along a heavily polluted river with many major cities on it, it would be harder for the salmon to retake.

[caption id="attachment_1884606" align="alignnone" width="479"]<img class="wp-image-1884606 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/P1050099-1.jpg" alt="the grand canyon, a dramatic watershed" width="479" height="638" /> The Colorado River in the Grand Canyon. Photo by the author.[/caption]
<h3>6. The Colorado Pikeminnow - A Species That Exists in Just One Watershed</h3>
Imagine you are a fish in a river. It would be pretty difficult to move to a different river altogether, right? Watersheds often have fish, amphibians, and insects that are unique to that river system for precisely this reason.

The Colorado pikeminnow is an example of this specialization. Living only in the Colorado River, this fish is a minnow that grows <a href="https://www.coloradoriverrecovery.org/general-information/the-fish/colorado-pikeminnow.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">up to six feet long</a>! If you think this is strange, well, it is. Minnows are generally small. However, this minnow was isolated from other watersheds for so long that it changed into something completely different - the top predator of an entire river system! <strong>Watersheds can determine the evolutionary fate of species such as the Colorado pikeminnow.</strong>

Unfortunately, all the dams, human development, and invasive species in the Colorado River, the pikeminnow is a federally endangered species.
<h3>7. Airsheds and Foodsheds - The Concept of Watersheds Broadens</h3>
Now that we have explained watersheds, perhaps we should explore other 'sheds.'

Airsheds are defined by regions that share the same air quality. If a coal-fired powerplant is in your airshed, it will pollute your air, just as if someone dumped pollution upstream in your watershed, it would impact you downstream. Unlike watersheds, which always have movement from upstream to downstream, the movement in an airshed changes depending on the season, weather, and climate of that airshed.

Foodsheds are less geographically determined than airsheds and watersheds and are created more by humans. <a href="https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/what_is_a_food_shed" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">A foodshed</a> is a geographic area that grows food for consumers in that area. Foodsheds are a central concept to the local food movement.

[caption id="attachment_1884602" align="alignnone" width="956"]<img class="wp-image-1884602 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/P1040263-1.jpg" alt="watersheds" width="956" height="719" /> All of the fresh snow is part of this watershed. The snow will melt into the river, which drains to the ocean. Photo by the author.[/caption]
<h2>Explaining Watersheds and How they Relate to the Law</h2>
<h3></h3>
<h3>8. The California Aquaduct - Watersheds Create Fights</h3>
"Whiskey is for drinking, water is for fighting" is a common phrase heard around the West. And it's true. The western U.S. is severely prone to droughts, which are worsened by climate change. As a result, places like Arizona and southern California have used all of their natural water. To overcome their lack of water, western states have engaged in feats of great engineering involving pumps, aqueducts, tunnels, and dams. Some aqueducts move water from one watershed to another, through mountains and across plains.

The California aqueduct is one such aqueduct. It moves water that originates in far northern California and pumps it as far south as L.A. The water crosses multiple watersheds in a completely unnatural system. Literal cubic miles of water are pushed up thousands of feet to make it from north to south, requiring tremendous amounts of energy.

While some in California see this distribution of water as equitable, others say its wrong to move water outside of its original watershed.

Legal questions regarding how water can be distributed are ongoing. In Nevada, it is illegal to move water from one basin to another. However, Las Vegas has tried for 30 years to do just that. After seven failed lawsuits, the Southern Nevada Water Authority <a href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/52.10/south-water-killing-the-vegas-pipeline" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">gave up the potential project</a>, which would pump an aquifer in the northeast of the state and bring it to Las Vegas through a pipeline.
<h3>9. The Whanganui River is a Legal Person - Watersheds Gain Rights</h3>
Some environmental lawyers and indigenous groups have found success in getting watersheds the rights of a legal person. The first such case was in New Zealand, where the Whanganui River gained rights in 2017. This means that lawyers sue on behalf of the river, charging that activities such as pollution or development harm the natural state of the river and that actions must be taken to restore that natural state.

While it may seem bizarre to categorize a river as a 'legal person,' it isn't so unusual. Corporations are legal people in the U.S., enjoying more rights than almost all animals and natural places. Many environmental lawyers believe that watersheds deserve that same personhood.

The Yurok tribe in northern California followed suit a few years after New Zealand and succeeded in getting the <a href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/51.18/tribal-affairs-the-klamath-river-now-has-the-legal-rights-of-a-person#:~:text=The%20Klamath%20River%20runs%20through,same%20rights%20as%20a%20person.&amp;text=In%20essence%2C%20the%20Yurok%20resolution,court%20to%20remedy%20the%20problem." target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Klamath River designated as a legal person</a>. This includes all of the tributaries within the watershed of the Klamath. This case is particularly interesting because a larger dam removal project than that on the Elwah will occur on the Klamath in the next few years.

I encourage you to learn more about your own watershed. We all have one and we would all benefit by knowing a little more about the resources that give us life.

-----

Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.

-----

Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

-----

Explaining Watersheds with 9 Examples

Have you heard the term 'watershed' but never actually had...

<p>Did you know that the gender of your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-are-stressed-at-work-and-at-home-during-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a> could influence your health outcomes? That's right, a new study has uncovered some fascinating – and potentially life-altering – differences between how male and female physicians practice medicine.</p>



<p>This intriguing finding opens up a conversation about the subtle differences in how male and female doctors practice medicine and their impact on patient care</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-female-doctors-and-patient-health">Female doctors and patient health</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.ucla.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCLA</a> meticulously analyzed a massive collection of medical records – over 770,000 in total. This extensive dataset allowed them to spot trends and patterns that might not be visible in a smaller study. They honed in specifically on patients who had been hospitalized, as that's a critical point in the healthcare journey.</p>



<p>The study revealed that patients of both genders had slightly better survival chances within the 30-day period following their hospital stay if their attending physician was a woman. Importantly, this positive effect was even stronger when the patient was female.</p>



<p>Another key finding was that patients, regardless of gender, were less likely to need readmission to the hospital within 30 days of discharge when treated by a female physician.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-does-this-mean-female-doctors-are-better">Does this mean female doctors are better?</h2>



<p>The situation isn't as straightforward as simply saying one gender makes a better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-are-using-emoji-to-diagnose-patients-in-clinics-and-hospitals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a>. It's tempting to jump to conclusions, but this research doesn't support the idea that male doctors are inherently less skilled. </p>



<p>The research underscores a key insight: male and female physicians often differ subtly in their patient care approaches. These nuanced, perhaps subconscious, differences in doctor-patient interactions and decision-making can significantly affect a patient's health and recovery.</p>



<p>Studies suggest that biases might sometimes creep in. Male doctors, though well-intentioned, might underestimate the severity of symptoms reported by female patients. This misjudgment could lead to less aggressive or delayed treatment, impacting the patient's outcome.</p>



<p>Some experts observe that female physicians might have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-lying-doctor/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> styles better suited to building trust and rapport with female patients. </p>



<p>Stronger doctor-patient communication could lead to more complete information sharing, better diagnoses, and more effective treatment plans.</p>



<p>Female patients may feel more at ease discussing sensitive or potentially embarrassing health issues with a female doctor. This increased comfort level could make them more likely to share vital details, allowing for better-informed medical decisions and positively influencing their health journey.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-role-of-female-physicians">Critical role of female physicians</h2>



<p>This study opens a fascinating door, but it doesn't give us all the answers. We need to dig deeper to pinpoint the exact reasons why patients, particularly female patients, seem to have slightly better outcomes when treated by female physicians. </p>



<p>Is it communication style? Implicit bias? A mix of factors? More research is crucial to answer these questions fully.</p>



<p>Sadly, even with their proven skills and contributions, female <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-doctors-and-nurses-need-more-training-in-disaster-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctors</a> often earn less than their male counterparts for the same work. This study is yet another reminder of the incredible value they bring to the healthcare system. </p>



<p>Closing the pay gap isn't just about fairness; it's about recognizing the critical role female physicians play in improving health outcomes for everyone.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>The deeper we understand the factors behind these findings, the better we can design training and systems to improve patient care across the board. This benefits everyone, regardless of the gender of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-work-cut-fake-news-online-misinformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a>.</p>



<p>When everyone is compensated fairly, it attracts the best and brightest to the medical field. Ensuring pay equity could mean an even stronger healthcare system for everyone.</p>



<p>“What our findings indicate is that female and male physicians practice medicine differently, and these differences have a meaningful impact on patients' health outcomes,” said Dr. Yusuke Tsugawa. He is the associate professor-in-residence of medicine in the division of general internal medicine and health services research at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the study’s senior author. </p>



<p>“Further research on the underlying mechanisms linking physician gender with patient outcomes, and why the benefit of receiving the treatment from female physicians is larger for female patients, has the potential to improve patient outcomes across the board," Tsugawa concluded.</p>



<p>While your doctor's gender shouldn't be the <em>only</em> factor in your decision-making, this study reminds us that it might carry more weight than we previously thought. If you're searching for a doctor, it's definitely worth considering whether a female physician might be a better fit based on your personal needs.</p>



<p>The study is published in the peer-reviewed journal&nbsp;<em><a href="https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-3163" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Annals of Internal Medicine</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Female doctors show significantly better patient health outcomes

Did you know that the gender of your doctor could influence your health outcomes? That's right, a new study has uncovered some fascinating – and potentially life-altering – differences between how male and female physicians practice medicine. This intriguing finding opens up a conversation about the subtle differences in how male and female doctors practice medicine and their impact on patient care Female doctors and patient health Researchers at UCLA meticulously analyzed a massive collection of medical records – over 770,000 in total. This extensive dataset...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Ruang, a small volcanic island in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The tranquil environment of Ruang was shattered by a powerful volcanic eruption on the night of April 16, 2024.</p>



<p>This event has left the island's 800 residents grappling with its devastating aftermath, while scientists are assessing its potential global effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-violent-awakening-on-ruang">A violent awakening on Ruang</h2>



<p>Ruang, located in the Sangihe Islands arc, is known for its long history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a>, but the intensity of the latest eruption has been particularly alarming. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/explosive-volcanic-eruption-triggered-an-hours-long-thunderstorm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> produced explosive discharges, sending vast plumes of ash and gas soaring into the stratosphere. The force of nature transformed lush greenery into a gray wasteland.</p>



<p>“Late on April 16, 2024, the mountain roared to life, unleashing a series of explosive eruptions that, at times, sent plumes of ash and gas billowing high into the stratosphere. The eruption also bombarded the island with tephra, small pebbles of lapilli, and fine shards of pulverized rock called ash,” said NASA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-damage-and-humanitarian-efforts">Extensive damage and humanitarian efforts</h2>



<p>The eruption's immediate impact was severe, with settlements on the north side of Ruang and Laingpatehi village experiencing extensive damage due to volcanic debris.&nbsp;</p>



<p>More than 500 houses were destroyed or severely damaged, according to Indonesia’s disaster management agency, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB). The heavy ashfall also impacted local agriculture, damaging crops and farms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In response to the crisis, the Sam Ratulangi International Airport in nearby Manado was temporarily closed, disrupting travel and causing widespread flight cancellations. It was not until April 22 that the airport could reopen, following significant cleanup efforts and a decrease in the volcanic threat level.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-analysis-and-global-concerns">Scientific analysis and global concerns</h2>



<p>The eruption has attracted significant scientific interest due to the vast quantities of ash and sulfur dioxide it emitted. Atmospheric scientist Ghassan Taha from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center noted, "We expect to see aerosol particles circulating in the stratosphere for weeks, if not months." This observation is critical as particles reaching this altitude can have extensive, albeit temporary, effects on global climate patterns.</p>



<p>Volcanologist Simon Carn from Michigan Technological University reported that the eruption released between 0.3 to 0.5 teragrams of sulfur dioxide on April 17 and 18. These levels, while substantial, fall below the threshold generally required to affect global temperatures significantly.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For context, the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, which had a pronounced cooling effect on the Earth's climate, released approximately 20 teragrams of sulfur dioxide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparedness-and-future-risks">Preparedness and future risks</h2>



<p>In light of Ruang's active volcanic history and the potential for further eruptions, local authorities remain vigilant. The risk of lahars and tsunamis prompted immediate evacuations and multiple tsunami warnings, though, fortunately, no substantial tsunamis have occurred thus far. Over 16,000 residents have been evacuated from the most vulnerable areas, a move that has likely prevented any fatalities or serious injuries.</p>



<p>The 2024 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> of Ruang is a stark reminder of the powerful and often unpredictable nature of volcanic islands. While the local and immediate impacts are devastating, the eruption also offers valuable data for scientists studying the broader implications of such natural events on atmospheric conditions and climate. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ruang">More about Ruang</h2>



<p>The population on Ruang is small, with residents primarily engaged in subsistence fishing and agriculture, which is typical of remote Indonesian islands. The island's terrain and soil fertility, influenced by volcanic ash, may support the cultivation of certain crops that are adapted to such conditions.</p>



<p>The Ruang volcano rises to about 725 meters above sea level, making it a prominent feature in the region. This area is part of the volcanic arc that includes numerous volcanoes produced by the subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental margin.</p>



<p>The active stratovolcano has had several recorded eruptions in history, with significant activity occurring in 1871, 1873, and 2002.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The image was captured by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on April 20, 2024.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Ruang volcano eruption has devastated the tranquil island

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



<p>“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”</p>



<p>“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



<p>The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.</p>



<p>Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.</p>



<p>The tallest flying bird found in South and Central America, jabirus can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



<p>The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



<p>This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



<p>River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.</p>



<p>The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.</p>



<p>Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They are appreciated by aquarium enthusiasts worldwide and play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.</p>



<p>The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the delta of the Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-river">Ebro River</h2>



<p>“Stretching across 910 km of northern Spain, the Ebro River is the second-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. In the image, it can be seen as a green line winding its way through the peninsula before flowing into the Mediterranean, shaping the Ebro Delta,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Ebro River discharges more water into the sea than any other river in Spain. As suspended sediment flows from the river’s mouth, it tints the coastal waters with a turquoise hue.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-delta">Ebro Delta</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/">wetland areas</a> in the western Mediterranean region. The river's basin is the largest in Spain, covering about 85,000 square kilometers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-nbsp">Historical significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Historically, the Ebro River has been significant in numerous battles, including the famous Battle of the Ebro during the Spanish Civil War, which was one of the war's longest and deadliest conflicts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-significance-nbsp">Economic significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Economically, the Ebro plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions like La Rioja and Navarre, which are known for their vineyards. Additionally, the river supports various industries and hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is ecologically rich, providing habitat for diverse bird species. It is also a vital area for rice cultivation in Spain.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserve">Nature reserve</h3>



<p>“Most of the delta comprises the Ebro Delta Nature Reserve. With its protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans and estuaries, this reserve provides a natural habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl,” said ESA.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges-nbsp">Environmental challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The river and its delta face environmental challenges such as pollution, water extraction for irrigation, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/">climate change</a>, which threaten its ecosystem and the sustainability of its water resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northeast-coast-of-spain">The northeast coast of Spain</h2>



<p>The northeast coast of Spain is a vibrant and diverse region, characterized by its rich history, unique culture, and stunning landscapes. </p>



<p>It includes the autonomous communities of Catalonia, which features the dynamic city of Barcelona, and part of the Valencian Community. This area is also part of what is known as the Costa Brava, which stretches from the town of Blanes up to the French border.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography">Geography</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-impacts-97-percent-of-the-worlds-coastline/">coastline</a> is renowned for its rugged beauty, with rocky cliffs, secluded coves, and small beaches. The interior regions feature mountains such as the Pyrenees, which offer skiing in winter and hiking in the summer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



<p>The area has a strong cultural identity, particularly in Catalonia, where there is a significant movement for independence. The Catalan language is widely spoken alongside Spanish. The region is also known for its festivals, architecture (notably the works of Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona), and traditional dances like the Sardana.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cuisine">Cuisine</h3>



<p>The cuisine is a delightful mix of fresh seafood from the Mediterranean, traditional Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" (bread with tomato), and rice dishes such as paella in the Valencian region. The area is also famous for its wines, including the sparkling wine Cava.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism">Tourism</h3>



<p>The northeast coast attracts millions of tourists each year due to its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and vibrant cities. Barcelona, in particular, is a major tourist destination with attractions like the Sagrada Familia, Park Güell, and the bustling La Rambla.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>The economy of the northeast coast is one of the most dynamic in Spain, with Barcelona serving as a major hub for trade, education, entertainment, and technology.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the United Arab Emirates, where a slow-moving storm system dumped more than a year's worth of rainfall in just a few hours. </p>



<p>“The UAE’s National Center for Meteorology reported that eastern parts of the country measured up to 250 millimeters (10 inches) of rain in less than 24 hours. UAE, known for its dry desert climate, receives only about 140 to 200 millimeters (5.5 to 8 inches) of rainfall per year,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Dubai International Airport recorded 119 millimeters on April 16, which is 1.5 times its typical annual rainfall. The deluge temporarily halted flights at the airport, which is among the world’s busiest for international travel.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heaviest-rainfall-on-record-in-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">Heaviest rainfall on record in the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Authorities noted that this was the heaviest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-heat-fueled-unexpected-and-deadly-storms-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> on record in the United Arab Emirates. The news agency WAM called it a historic weather event that surpassed “anything documented since the start of data collection in 1949.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Heavy rain triggered flash flooding across eastern parts of the country, inundating roads and disrupting transportation,” said NASA. “The system first hit Oman on April 14 and continued to batter the UAE through most of the day on April 16.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>At least 18 people were killed in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heavy rains</a> in Oman, including ten children that were swept away in a vehicle with one adult, according to a statement from the country’s National Committee for Emergency Management.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-low-pressure-system">Strong low-pressure system</h2>



<p>Michael Mann, a climate scientist at the University of Pennsylvania, noted that three low-pressure systems formed a train of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thunderstorms-are-becoming-more-intense-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">storms</a> slowly moving along the jet stream - the river of air that moves weather systems - toward the Persian Gulf.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The strong low-pressure system delivered multiple rounds of high winds and heavy rain to the northern and eastern parts of the country,” said NASA. “Some areas remained flooded on April 19, when Landsat 9 passed over the region for the first time since the storms.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Climate experts attribute such extreme weather events to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. According to a report from Reuters, researchers anticipate that climate change will lead to hotter temperatures, increased humidity, and a greater risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-ways-to-prevent-flooding-caused-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> in parts of the Gulf region. “Countries like the UAE where there is a lack of drainage infrastructure to cope with heavy rains can suffer the most,” the report stated.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">More about the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven emirates located on the eastern side of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Oman and Saudi Arabia, and has maritime borders with Iran and Qatar in the Persian Gulf. Established as a federation in 1971, the UAE has rapidly developed into one of the most modern and wealthy nations in the world, largely thanks to its vast oil and natural gas reserves.</p>



<p>Abu Dhabi serves as the capital and is the largest emirate, both in terms of land area and economy, largely because it holds the majority of the UAE's oil reserves. Dubai is the most populous city and is renowned globally for its spectacular skyscrapers, including the Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world, as well as its bustling ports, and vibrant tourism and shopping sectors.</p>



<p>The UAE has a diverse and multicultural society with a significant expatriate population, drawn by business opportunities and the tax-free living in many sectors. The official language is Arabic, though English is widely spoken, especially in business and educational settings.</p>



<p>Politically, the UAE is a federal absolute monarchy. It is governed by a Supreme Council of Rulers made up of the seven emirs, who appoint the prime minister and the cabinet. The country has made significant strides in terms of infrastructure and healthcare, and it continues to invest heavily in various sectors including renewable energy, education, and technology.</p>



<p>Culturally, the UAE balances its rapid modernization with a strong commitment to traditional Arab culture. The heritage of the desert Bedouin lifestyle is celebrated with falconry, camel racing, and traditional dance remaining integral to its cultural festivities. The nation is also a major hub for international arts and sports events, enhancing its global profile and cultural footprint.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Storms dumped record rainfall in the United Arab Emirates

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency </a>features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



<p>“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



<p>The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>HD 101274 is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.</p>



<p>HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.</p>



<p>This galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.</p>



<p>According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.</p>



<p>“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



<p>The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of galaxies and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.</p>



<p>The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.</p>



<p>Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. This is especially relevant in understanding how galaxies influence each other through gravitational interactions and the environmental effects on galaxy evolution.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska on December 29, 2023.</p>



<p>"After an unusually snowy start to winter, southern Alaska’s coastline remained under a blanket of white in late December," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Meanwhile, greens and tans swirled in the dark blue water offshore. The dullness of the hues near shore suggests that the water is mostly colored by sediment. It is likely that phytoplankton - microscopic plant-like organisms - contributed to some of the hues farther from the coast."</p>



<p>According to NASA, much of the sediment in this region comes from “glacial flour” carried into the gulf by the Copper River.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Glacial flour forms as glaciers move over bedrock and grind it into a fine silt. When suspended in water, glacial flour can make the water appear an opaque turquoise color - similar to phytoplankton blooms. The sediment carries iron and other nutrients that can spur the growth of these tiny marine organisms," explained NASA.</p>



<p>Aimee Neeley, a biological oceanographer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted that there are always phytoplankton in the water, but usually at lower levels in the wintertime at these latitudes.</p>



<p>The Gulf of Alaska is a vast and biologically rich body of water that lies at the northernmost part of the Pacific Ocean, encircled by Alaska.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The gulf extends approximately 1,500 miles from the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east.</p>



<p>Characterized by a subarctic climate, it's known for heavy rain and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/">snowfall</a>. The region is also prone to frequent storms and is a significant pathway for colder northern weather patterns moving into the United States.</p>



<p>The Gulf of Alaska is home to a diverse marine ecosystem. It supports many species of fish, such as salmon and halibut, and is also a habitat for marine mammals like whales, sea lions, and seals.</p>



<p>The image was captured by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut view of the Aladaghlar Mountains in northwestern Iran. These mountains are known for their strikingly colorful landscapes, which make them stand out among other mountain ranges.</p>



<p>"Ridges cast shadows in the valleys and other low elevation areas, creating a three-dimensional appearance. Human alterations to the landscape are most evident in riverbeds, where the even topography is easier to build on and navigate," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Natural processes over millions of years have folded rock layers of various compositions and colors into the curved patterns seen here. These folds are produced by tectonic forces operating along the convergent plate boundary of the Arabia and Eurasia plates. The convergence of these tectonic plates causes uplift, folding, and deformation of the colorful rock layers, and subsequent erosion exposes them."</p>



<p>One of the most remarkable features of the Aladaghlar Mountains is the vivid coloration of their slopes. The name "Aladaghlar" translates to "Colorful Mountains," which is a testament to their unique appearance. </p>



<p>The Aladaghlar Mountains are part of a larger ecosystem that includes forests, meadows, and rivers, contributing to a rich biodiversity. The region supports a variety of wildlife, including several species that are unique to the area. The diverse wildlife add to the natural beauty and ecological importance of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/">mountains</a>.</p>



<p>In addition to their natural appeal, the Aladaghlar Mountains hold cultural significance. The region has a rich history, with evidence of ancient civilizations and historical sites. Local communities have their unique cultures and traditions, which have been influenced by the natural environment of the mountains.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p><em>—--</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>

The Aladaghlar Mountains of northwestern Iran

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a large sediment plume from the Yangtze River that extends hundreds of kilometers off the coast of China.</p>



<p>"Brown, sediment-laden water is visible along this shallow, turbid stretch of coast year-round, but a vast plume like the one visible here is a characteristic feature of winter. Scientists have proposed several causes of this seasonal phenomenon," said NASA.</p>



<p>"The ebb and flow of tides contain enough energy to stir up sediments from the seafloor, a 2017 study found. While there are also tides in the summer, the models used in the study showed that sediment only rises to the surface in the winter. That’s when temperatures and salinities at the sea surface and bottom are similar, allowing for vertical mixing to occur and for sediment to churn higher into the water column."</p>



<p>Additional studies have suggested that the summer monsoon’s influence on currents impedes the eastward flow of sediment out of the estuaries, noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Despite what looks like a glut of suspended sediment in the water, the overall amount of it flowing from the Yangtze River has declined steadily over the past several decades. The construction of dams, including the Three Gorges Dam, has been the primary driver of this trend."</p>



<p>It is important for scientists to track the movement of suspended sediment. This material can cause direct harm to marine life, as well as indirect harm by blocking sunlight.</p>



<p>The Yangtze River, also known as the Chang Jiang in Chinese, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world, following the Nile and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-river-dolphins-are-at-great-risk-of-extinction-due-to-human-activities/">Amazon</a>. It flows for over 6,300 kilometers (about 3,917 miles) from the glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in western China to the East China Sea at Shanghai.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Yangtze River basin is a key region for China's agriculture, industry, and hydroelectric power production. The river's waters are used for irrigation, navigation, and as a source of freshwater. The basin is home to diverse wildlife, including the critically endangered Yangtze river dolphin or Baiji, which may now be extinct.</p>



<p>The image was captured on February 12, 2024 by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite sensor on the NOAA-20 satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Sediment flows offshore from the Yangtze River 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Ruki River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is a tributary of the Congo River, one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warmer-rivers-keep-antimicrobial-resistant-genes-at-bay/">rivers</a> in the world by discharge and depth. </p>



<p>The Ruki River, previously known as the Busira, merges with the Momboyo River near the town of Basankusu to become the Lulonga River, which eventually flows into the Congo River at the town of Lisala.</p>



<p>"If the appearance of the muddy Amazon River evokes a coffee cut with cream, the Ruki River, coursing gently through the Congo Basin, is like a dark tea," said NASA.</p>



<p>"On its slow path through mostly untouched lowland rainforest in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the water leaches organic material from vegetation, prompting some researchers to think it is one of the darkest blackwater rivers on Earth. The dissolved material in this distinctive water, scientists are finding, offers clues into the carbon cycle of tropical forests."</p>



<p>In a recent study, researchers measured the chemical composition and flow of the Ruki for the first time.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The study reported that, as the water color suggests, the Ruki is rich in dissolved organic carbon compounds. It contains four times as much organic carbon as the Congo River and 1.5 times as much as the Rio Negro, the world’s largest blackwater river and a major tributary of the Amazon," said NASA.</p>



<p>Due to this heavy carbon load, the researchers concluded that “tropical forests like those around the Ruki might not accumulate quite as much carbon as we once thought.”</p>



<p>The region around the Ruki River is rich in biodiversity, hosting various species of flora and fauna. It is part of the Congo Basin, the second-largest tropical rainforest area in the world, which is a critical habitat for endangered species and a significant carbon sink.</p>



<p>The river is vital for the livelihoods of local communities. Fishing is a crucial activity, with many people depending on it for sustenance and income. The river also supports agriculture along its banks, where communities grow crops.</p>



<p>In many parts of the DRC, rivers like the Ruki are crucial transportation corridors due to the challenging and often nonexistent road infrastructure. The river enables the movement of people and goods, facilitating trade and access to markets, health care, and education.</p>



<p>The region faces several challenges, including deforestation, overfishing, and environmental degradation, which threaten its ecological balance and the livelihoods of people who depend on it. Efforts to manage and conserve the river's resources are vital for sustainable development.</p>



<p>Understanding and protecting the Ruki River and its surroundings are crucial for the DRC's environmental sustainability, economic development, and the well-being of its communities.</p>



<p>The image was captured by the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The Ruki River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.</p>



<p>"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.</p>



<p>"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."</p>



<p>"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p>This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



<p>Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



<p>In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

<p>Have you ever scrolled through your old contacts or social media and thought, "Should I reach out?" Maybe you shared hilarious inside jokes, supported each other through tough times, or simply had a blast hanging out. Many assume that reconnecting with old <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reaching-out-to-your-friends-means-more-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">friends</a> is less daunting than meeting new people. </p>



<p>However, recent research by Simon Fraser University (<a href="https://www.sfu.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SFU</a>) and the <a href="https://www.sussex.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sussex</a> challenges this belief. Psychologists found that many hesitate to reconnect with an old friend just as much as they would avoid a conversation with a stranger.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-old-friendships-fade">Why old friendships fade</h2>



<p>The demands of our daily lives can be overwhelming. Work deadlines loom, families need our attention, and personal goals often require focus and dedication. Sometimes, amidst the whirlwind, even important relationships like friendships can unintentionally take a backseat. </p>



<p>This gradual drifting apart is a natural part of life as priorities shift and circumstances change. While the busyness of life is inevitable, science has repeatedly shown that our social connections are not merely a luxury. They are a vital pillar of our overall happiness and well-being.</p>



<p>While life's responsibilities are important, it's essential to remember that the happiness and support we derive from strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-friends-smarter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">friendships</a> are not just "nice to have" – they are deeply intertwined with our overall health and quality of life.</p>



<p>The friends who make us laugh until our sides hurt don't just provide fleeting amusement. They create positive memories that boost our mood and reduce stress, even long after the shared giggle is over.</p>



<p>Moreover, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/friendship-jealousy-can-actually-create-a-happy-ending/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">friends</a> who listen without judgment, offer a shoulder to cry on, and genuinely celebrate our successes form an invaluable support system that helps us navigate both challenges and victories.</p>



<p>Having a circle of friends we can be our true selves around fosters a sense of community and acceptance, crucial components of mental and emotional well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconnecting-with-old-friends">Reconnecting with old friends</h2>



<p>Psychologists at Simon Fraser University and the University of Sussex shared our curiosity about the "lost <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-friends-key-happiness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">friend</a>" phenomenon. Why do we often let those once-cherished connections fade away without even trying to rekindle them? To answer this, they embarked on a series of experiments, peeling back the layers of our reluctance. </p>



<p>“We found that the majority of participants (90 per cent) in our first study had lost touch with a someone they still care about. Yet, a significant number (70 per cent) were neutral, or even negative, about the idea of getting back in touch in that moment, even when they felt warmly about the friendship,” said Lara Aknin, director of the Helping and Happiness Lab at SFU and co-author of the paper.</p>



<p>People are as hesitant to reach out to an old friend as they are to strike up a conversation with a stranger, even when they had the capacity and desire to do so. This surprising finding reveals a deep-seated fear of rejection or indifference, making that old friend suddenly feel as unknown as someone we pass on the street.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-factors">Additional factors</h2>



<p>We are our own worst critics, replaying old conversations and cringing at long-ago memories. These mental gymnastics convince us that bridging the gap of time will inevitably be awkward or unwelcome. Our minds paint a picture of the other person having moved on, leaving us a relic of the past.</p>



<p>Moreover, we often assume that our old friend is just as swamped and overwhelmed as we are, making a reconnection seem impractical. However, the study surprisingly revealed that lack of time was one of the least cited reasons for not reaching out. </p>



<p>This exposes a different truth: it's not about time, but rather about the perceived awkwardness and a fear of our efforts being unreciprocated.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-are-we-overthinking-this">Are we overthinking this?</h2>



<p>Our minds build up narratives that our old friend has probably forgotten about us, has a whole new circle, or simply won't be as excited to hear from us as we would be to hear from them. </p>



<p>In reality, the researchers found that those fears are often wildly inaccurate. There's a good chance our old friend is also thinking about us, remembering good times, and wishing life hadn't gotten in the way.</p>



<p>The problem is, we've created this imaginary standoff. We're stuck in our own heads, desperately waiting for the other person to break the ice. It becomes a classic "after you" situation, where both people want to connect but neither wants to take the risk of being the first to reach out. </p>



<p>It's a testament to how easily our anxieties can overshadow the potential joy of reconnecting with an old <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/friends-think-alike/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">friend</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practice-reconnecting-with-friends">Practice reconnecting with friends</h2>



<p>“We live in a time when people are more and more disconnected, and have fewer close friends than they used to in years past. And this is despite the multitude of modern-day communication channels available to us,” said Sandstrom, senior lecturer in the psychology of kindness and director of the Sussex Centre for Research on Kindness.</p>



<p>While it might seem counterintuitive, one of the most effective ways to overcome our hesitation about reconnecting to an old friend is to start by connecting with people we're currently close to. </p>



<p>It sounds simple, but the researchers found that taking the time to send a quick text, message, or even make a phone call to someone in our existing social circle helps to break the ice. </p>



<p>This practice serves as a warm-up for our social skills, making the idea of reaching back into the past feel less intimidating and more natural.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00075-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Psychology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Reconnecting with old friends is as scary as making new ones

Have you ever scrolled through your old contacts or social...

<p>While causing significant disruptions across various aspects of life, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasal-cells-protect-children-against-severe-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19 </a>pandemic led to only "modest" developmental delays among infants and children up to five years old. This is the conclusion of a new study led by the <a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/johns-hopkins-childrens-center" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins Children’s Center</a>.</p>



<p>The experts closely examined the potential correlation between pandemic-induced changes in daily life and children’s developmental outcomes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evaluating-child-development">Evaluating child development </h2>



<p>The researchers utilized data from the <a href="https://www.site.chadis.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Comprehensive Health and Decision Information System</a> (CHADIS) - a web-based platform where caregivers report on child development across over 5,000 pediatric practices in 48 U.S. states.</p>



<p>The study was based on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 (ASQ-3). This caregiver-completed assessment forms a routine part of pediatric care, evaluating child development in areas such as communication, problem-solving, and personal-social skills, along with fine and gross motor skills.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developmental-delays-in-children-nbsp">Developmental delays in children&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings suggested slight decreases in communication, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/encouragement-helps-dogs-improve-at-problem-solving-tasks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">problem-solving</a>, and personal-social skills, yet no notable changes were observed in the motor skills domains.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We found, overall, that while there are some changes, the sky is not falling, and that is a really important and reassuring finding,” said corresponding author Sara Johnson, the&nbsp; director of the <a href="https://ralescenter.hopkinschildrens.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rales Center for the Integration of Health and Education</a> at Johns Hopkins Children’s Center.</p>



<p>The backdrop of the research is the extensive disruption wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic and related <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-improved-mental-health-of-children-during-lockdown/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lockdowns</a>, which upended routines for families globally - shuttering schools, moving work to homes, and reducing social and physical activities. This led to increased levels of stress, anxiety, and social isolation, impacting both physical and mental health across all age groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pandemic-linked-to-modest-developmental-delays">Pandemic linked to modest developmental delays</h2>



<p>Despite broader concerns, the research team, upon analyzing developmental data from 50,205 children aged between 0 and 5 years, noted only modest developmental delays, primarily in communication and problem-solving skills.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These effects were consistent across age groups, from infants to older children, suggesting that increased caregiver time at home may have mitigated more significant impacts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pandemic-related-stress-over-developmental-delays">Pandemic-related stress over developmental delays </h2>



<p>Additionally, the study explored whether pandemic-related stresses led caregivers to worry more about their children’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poverty-impacts-brain-development-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">development</a>, finding only a slight increase in concerns during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic times.</p>



<p>While the findings provide some reassurance about children's resilience to profound disruptions, the long-term implications of these modest developmental delays remain uncertain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It is important for us to continue to keep an eye on kids of all ages in terms of development, so we can understand whether these changes have longer-term implications for children or if new challenges emerge as children age,” explained Johnson.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Looking forward, the insights from this study are pivotal for preparing for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-alone-in-america-an-escalating-public-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">public health crises</a>. They underscore the necessity of enhancing the clinical infrastructure to support developmental and behavioral pediatric services, ensuring that children's developmental needs are adequately met both now and in the future.</p>



<p>The study acknowledges certain limitations, such as excluding variables like prenatal substance abuse and the exclusion of preterm infants, which might skew the understanding of the pandemic’s full impact on developmental outcomes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, the potential for selection bias among participating healthcare providers in the CHADIS database could affect the generalizability of the findings. These factors underscore the need for continued research to fully ascertain the developmental consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on young children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-did-the-pandemic-impact-children-s-lives">How did the pandemic impact children's lives?</h2>



<p>The pandemic highlighted and often exacerbated existing disparities in access to resources, support, and opportunities for children, influencing their developmental trajectories in profound ways.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education">Education</h3>



<p>School closures and the shift to remote learning disrupted traditional educational experiences, leading to learning losses for many children. This was especially pronounced in communities with limited access to technology or where students received less support at home.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-development">Social development</h3>



<p>With social distancing measures and lockdowns, many children missed out on crucial aspects of social development. The lack of in-person interactions with peers during critical developmental periods affected their social skills and emotional intelligence.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health">Mental health</h3>



<p>The pandemic has been linked to increased rates of anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues in children. The isolation, uncertainty, and changes in routine contributed to stress and emotional distress.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-health">Physical health</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childrens-inactivity-remains-a-problem-after-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical activity</a> levels dropped for many children due to restrictions on outdoor play and sports. This change has implications for physical health, including increased rates of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-obesity-rates-spiked-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a> and related health conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safety-and-abuse">Safety and abuse</h3>



<p>For some children, staying at home meant an increased risk of exposure to domestic violence and abuse. The protective environments provided by schools and community programs were less accessible.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-access">Nutritional access</h3>



<p>Many children rely on schools for nutritious meals. School closures impacted their access to these critical resources, increasing food insecurity among vulnerable populations.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://www.jpeds.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Journal of Pediatrics</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----<br></p>

COVID-19 pandemic led to ‘modest’ developmental delays in children

While causing significant disruptions across various aspects of life, the...

<p>Despite its extreme conditions, featuring surface temperatures that can melt lead, volcanoes that spew lava, and thick clouds of sulfuric acid, Venus provides <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/venus-secret-past-may-have-implications-for-earths-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invaluable insights</a> into the search for life on other planets, according to a new study from <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a>.</p>



<p>“We often assume that Earth is the model of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-habitability-of-a-planet-is-affected-by-the-location-of-its-land/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitability</a>, but if you consider this planet in isolation, we don’t know where the boundaries and limitations are,” said lead author Stephen Kane, a professor of planetary astrophysics at UCR. “Venus gives us that.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venus-as-a-reference-point-for-life">Venus as a reference point for life</h2>



<p>The experts gathered extensive data on both Earth and Venus, and positioned Venus as a crucial reference point for better understanding the conditions that might preclude life on other planets.</p>



<p>Despite having an atmosphere that would crush a human instantly, Venus shares many similarities with Earth, such as comparable mass and radius. Given their closeness, it raises the question of why Earth's fate was so different.</p>



<p>Many scientists believe the significant amount of solar energy Venus receives caused its atmosphere to become a runaway greenhouse - a hypothesis that Kane challenges. </p>



<p>“If you consider the solar energy received by Earth as 100%, Venus collects 191%. A lot of people think that’s why Venus turned out differently,” he said. “But hold on a second. Venus doesn’t have a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-now-leads-the-solar-system-moon-race-with-145/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon</a>, which is what gives Earth things like ocean tides and influenced the amount of water here.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-missions-to-venus-are-needed">More missions to Venus are needed</h2>



<p>The paper also emphasizes the need for more missions to Venus to answer unresolved questions about its core size, rotation rate, magnetic field changes, and atmospheric chemistry.</p>



<p>“Venus doesn’t have a detectable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-magnetic-field-shifts-ten-times-faster-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic field</a>. That could be related to the size of its core,” Kane explained. “Core size also gives us information about how a planet cools itself. Earth has a mantle circulating heat from its core. We don’t know what’s happening inside Venus.”</p>



<p>Understanding the inner workings of Venus is vital because a planet’s interior dynamics greatly affect its atmosphere. This is evident on Earth, where the atmosphere is largely influenced by volcanic activity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-upcoming-nasa-missions">Upcoming NASA missions</h2>



<p>NASA's upcoming missions, <a href="https://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/davinci/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DAVINCI</a> and <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/veritas/">VERITAS</a>, will further explore these aspects. The DAVINCI mission will analyze the planet's thick atmosphere, and VERITAS will focus on the planet's surface without landing.</p>



<p>“DAVINCI will measure the atmosphere all the way from the top to the bottom. That will really help us build new climate models and predict these kinds of atmospheres elsewhere, including on Earth, as we keep increasing the amount of CO2,” Kane said.</p>



<p>According to the scientists, these missions will not only improve our understanding of Venus but also refine our assessments of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-are-helping-astronomers-in-the-search-for-extraterrestrial-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extraterrestrial life</a> possibilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-venus-to-preserve-life">Studying Venus to preserve life</h2>



<p>“The sobering part of the search for life elsewhere in the universe is that we’re never going to have in situ data for an exoplanet. We aren’t going there, landing, or taking direct measurements of them,” Kane said. “If we think another planet has life on the surface, we might not ever know we’re wrong, and we’d be dreaming about a planet with life that doesn’t have it. We are only going to get that right by properly understanding the Earth-size planets we can visit, and Venus gives us that chance.”</p>



<p>“One of the main reasons to study Venus is because of our sacred duties as caretakers of this planet, to preserve its future. My hope is that through studying the processes that produced present-day Venus, especially if Venus had a more temperate past that’s now devastated, there are lessons there for us. It can happen to us. It’s a question of how and when,” Kane concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intriguing-facts-about-venus">Intriguing facts about Venus</h2>



<p>Venus, often dubbed Earth's "sister planet" due to its similar size and proximity, holds a variety of intriguing characteristics that set it apart in our solar system:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-atmosphere">Extreme atmosphere</h3>



<p>Venus has an incredibly thick atmosphere composed mostly of carbon dioxide, with clouds of sulfuric acid, making it inhospitable. This atmosphere creates a runaway greenhouse effect, leading to surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead - about 900 degrees Fahrenheit (475 degrees Celsius).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crushing-pressure">Crushing pressure</h3>



<p>The surface pressure on Venus is about 92 times that of Earth, equivalent to the pressure found at about 3,000 feet (900 meters) underwater on Earth. This extreme pressure would crush most human-made objects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-retrograde-rotation">Retrograde rotation</h3>



<p>Venus rotates on its axis in the opposite direction to most planets in the solar system, including Earth. This means the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east on Venus. Additionally, a day on Venus (one complete rotation on its axis) is longer than its year (one complete orbit around the Sun). It takes about 243 Earth days to rotate once, but only about 225 Earth days to complete an orbit.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-landscape">Volcanic landscape</h3>



<p>Venus is covered with numerous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanoes-cover-nearly-the-entire-surface-of-venus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanoes</a> and has a surface dominated by volcanic plains. It has more volcanoes than any other planet in the solar system, with over 1,600 major volcanoes, many of which are believed to still be active.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-water-vapor">Lack of water vapor</h3>



<p>Despite being similar to Earth in size and composition, Venus has almost no water vapor in its atmosphere, and its surface is a dry, desert-like landscape. Any water that might have been present in the past likely evaporated due to the intense heat.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brightest-planet">Brightest planet</h3>



<p>Venus is the brightest planet in our solar system and is often visible from Earth with the naked eye. It can appear as a bright star-like object in the morning or evening sky, which is why it's sometimes called the Morning Star or Evening Star.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-wind-patterns">Mysterious wind patterns</h3>



<p>Despite the slow rotation on its axis, the atmosphere of Venus rotates much faster than the planet itself, a phenomenon known as super-rotation. Winds in the upper atmosphere can reach speeds up to 220 miles per hour (360 kilometers per hour).</p>



<p>These unique and extreme conditions make Venus an interesting subject of study to understand planetary processes and atmospheric dynamics in our solar system.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/2024arXiv240308830K/doi:10.48550/arXiv.2403.08830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Astronomy</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----<br></p>

How the ‘hellish’ planet Venus can help us find alien life

Despite its extreme conditions, featuring surface temperatures that can melt...

<p>In the East Asian skies, monsoon winds are not just reshaping weather but are also unexpectedly carrying large amounts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-hole-has-been-slowly-shrinking-over-two-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone</a>-depleating substances into the stratosphere. </p>



<p>This discovery, as highlighted by the U.S. National Science Foundation (<a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NFS</a>) and NASA, challenges previous assumptions about the rate of ozone recovery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monsoons-and-ozone-recovery">Monsoons and ozone recovery</h2>



<p>Monsoons were primarily associated with seasonal shifts in rainfall, influencing agriculture and impacting local communities.</p>



<p>However, recent research reveals a more complex role for monsoons. The intense winds associated with monsoons, especially in Asia, can act as conveyor belts for pollutants. These powerful upward air currents carry pollutants from the Earth's surface to much higher altitudes.</p>



<p>Climate change is intensifying the East Asian Monsoon system. This means an even greater potential for transporting large amounts of harmful chemicals into the upper atmosphere.</p>



<p>When carried high into the atmosphere, particularly the stratosphere, pollutants can interact with and deplete the ozone layer. Scientists are increasingly concerned about the transport of pollutants that were previously deemed less harmful due to their shorter lifespan. The monsoon now acts as a shortcut for these chemicals to reach the ozone layer</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-very-short-lived-pollutants">Very short-lived pollutants</h2>



<p>For many years, scientists identified chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as the major threat to the ozone layer. CFCs are incredibly long-lasting; they stay active in the atmosphere for decades or longer, causing continuous damage to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-ozone-holes-have-re-emerged-over-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone</a>.</p>



<p>The Montreal Protocol was an international agreement aimed at phasing out CFC production and consumption. The treaty has been remarkably successful and is a testament to how collective action can address environmental challenges.</p>



<p>Scientists are now worried about a new class of pollutants called "very short-lived" ozone-depleting substances (VSLS). These chemicals, used in various industries, were assumed to be less harmful because they degrade faster in the lower atmosphere.</p>



<p>Industrialization, particularly in South and East Asia, has led to a significant increase in VSLS emissions. This poses a new challenge for protecting the ozone layer.</p>



<p>Even though VSLS break down relatively quickly near the Earth's surface, the question is: What happens if these chemicals get transported higher into the atmosphere? If they manage to hitch a ride directly to the stratosphere, where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-pollution-threatens-the-health-of-plants-and-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone</a> layer is, their shorter lifespan becomes irrelevant. The ozone-depleting potential of VSLS still poses a threat, even if for a briefer period.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monsoons-hamper-ozone-recovery">Monsoons hamper ozone recovery</h2>



<p>The NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (<a href="https://ncar.ucar.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NCAR</a>) and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> study, part of the Asian Summer Monsoon Chemistry and Climate Impact Project (<a href="https://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/acclip/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACCLIP</a>), paints a worrying picture. Scientists made airborne observations of the monsoon system finding:</p>



<ul>
<li>Compared to the South Asian monsoon, the East Asian monsoon showed significantly higher levels of pollutants – a nasty cocktail including some surprisingly high concentrations of carbon monoxide.</li>



<li>Worryingly, the scientists found large quantities of VSLS, such as dichloromethane and chloroform. These chemicals are increasing due to industrial activities, mainly in East China.</li>
</ul>



<p>"It was a real surprise to fly through a plume with all those very short-lived ozone-depleting substances,” says NSF NCAR scientist Laura Pan, the lead author of the study. “These chemicals may have a significant impact on what will happen with the ozone layer, and it’s critical to quantify them.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-escalator-for-harmful-pollutants">Escalator for harmful pollutants</h2>



<p>The Montreal Protocol aimed to limit long-lived ozone-depleting substances to give the ozone layer a chance to heal. Yet, this monsoon-driven boost of VSLS could complicate that recovery.</p>



<p>This is a grim reminder that climate change isn't just about rising temperatures. It also creates these unintended consequences, like strengthening the East Asian Monsoon, which acts as an escalator for harmful pollutants. Scientists will need to take these findings into account when modeling the ozone layer's future and the impacts on our climate.</p>



<p>This research raises important questions about the combined impact of pollution, monsoon patterns, and climate change on the ozone layer. To get a complete picture, scientists need to track these VSLS more closely and figure out how they interact with the ozone layer at those altitudes. </p>



<p>"The potential impacts of the high levels of these chemicals will need to be taken into consideration for projections of both the recovery of stratospheric ozone as well as climate change,” explained Laura Pan.</p>



<p>The fight to protect our ozone layer continues. Just when we thought we were making progress, this study reminds us that in our interconnected world with changing climate patterns, new threats can always emerge.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2318716121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Monsoons launch ozone-depleting substances into the stratosphere

In the East Asian skies, monsoon winds are not just...

<p>Historically, heavy rainfall has been considered the primary culprit for introducing contaminants into coastal waters. However, a recent study underscores the changing dynamics of water quality. Researchers found that "sunny day <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-ways-to-prevent-flooding-caused-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a>," driven by rising sea levels, can also lead to increased levels of fecal bacteria, prompting a re-evaluation of water safety protocols.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-sunny-day-flooding">What is sunny day flooding?</h2>



<p>Sunny day flooding, also known as nuisance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-floods-what-turns-a-rainstorm-into-a-catastrophe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> or high-tide flooding, occurs when high tides – often influenced by the moon's gravitational pull – rise higher than usual and inundate low-lying coastal areas. </p>



<p>This can include streets, storm drains, and even some properties. The key point here is that this flooding happens on days with clear skies and no rain.</p>



<p>The moon's gravitational pull exerts a significant influence on Earth's oceans, causing them to bulge outwards on the side closest to the moon and on the opposite side. These bulges create high tides, while the regions between them experience low tides. </p>



<p>Twice a month, during new and full moons, the gravitational forces of the sun and moon align, leading to particularly strong high tides known as spring tides.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-frequency-of-sunny-day-floods">Frequency of sunny day floods</h2>



<p>Sea levels are rising due to climate change, primarily caused by the burning of fossil fuels. This rising water level effectively raises the baseline for the ocean, meaning that even on days with normal high tides, water levels can reach higher than before, inundating areas that previously remained dry. This is why sunny day <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/100-year-floods-will-likely-be-annual-events-by-the-end-of-the-century/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> events are becoming more frequent and severe.</p>



<p>While they may not be the dramatic, raging floods we typically picture, sunny day flooding events can still have significant consequences, as this study demonstrates. The floodwaters can overwhelm storm drains, leading to backups of potentially contaminated water.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contamination-from-sunny-day-flooding">Contamination from sunny day flooding</h2>



<p>The new study by <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University</a> found that "sunny day <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-makes-some-plants-resistant-to-flooding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a>" isn't just an inconvenience. These events introduce a range of contaminants into coastal waters, most notably fecal bacteria, raising concerns about potential health risks.</p>



<p>While these elevated bacteria levels typically dissipate within a few hours, scientists caution that the situation warrants attention. With rising sea levels, sunny day flooding is expected to become a more frequent and widespread issue, potentially leading to longer periods of water contamination. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-this-happen">How does this happen?</h2>



<p>“Historically we see the highest levels of fecal bacteria contamination in coastal waterways after it rains, because the rain washes contaminants into the waterways,” said Dr. Natalie Nelson, a lead researcher on the study.</p>



<p>Rising sea levels create a surprising issue: street flooding even on perfectly sunny days. High tides push water back up through stormwater systems. This causes shallow, contaminated puddles that are often dismissed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sunny-day-flood-bacteria">Sunny day flood bacteria</h2>



<p>To track just how bad these sunny day floods are, Dr. Nelson's team spent two summer months collecting daily water samples in coastal North Carolina. They were particularly interested in what happened during the "perigean spring tides" – super-strong tides due to the moon's position.</p>



<p>Sure enough, the floodwaters were contaminated. “We found that the floodwaters themselves had relatively high levels of fecal bacteria,” said Dr. Nelson. </p>



<p>The impact on larger coastal areas was not as clear. Sometimes the receding tide seemed to cause a spike in bacteria, but other times it didn't; and the spikes usually fizzled out within a few hours.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-and-safety">Public health and safety</h2>



<p>While your beach vacation likely isn't in jeopardy, there's still cause for concern. This study focused on a specific coastline, and water conditions can indeed vary. However, the fact that sunny day flooding led to any increase in bacteria highlights a potential risk that scientists like Dr. Nelson want to further investigate.</p>



<p>“Sea levels are going to continue rising for the foreseeable future. So we are definitely going to see more sunny day flooding, and those floods will be getting worse," said Dr. Nelson.</p>



<p>"We need to continue studying the impact that these tidal floods have on our water quality, because the more we understand, the better able we will be to make informed decisions about public health and safety.”</p>



<p>The next time you see street flooding on a sunny day, don't think "just seawater." Be mindful that the water is probably more polluted than it looks, especially for a few hours after the tide goes out. </p>



<p>While scientists are still figuring out the exact risks, it's good practice to avoid letting kids play in this water, and thoroughly rinse off any gear (or yourself) that comes into contact with it. </p>



<p>The study is yet another reminder of the complex ways that climate change can affect our everyday lives.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GH001020" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GeoHealth</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Sunny day flooding increases fecal bacteria in coastal waters

Historically, heavy rainfall has been considered the primary culprit for...

<p>While many parents of preschool and elementary-aged children aim to provide balanced, nutritious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-with-vegetarian-diets-maintain-similar-growth-and-nutrition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a>, certain strategies intended to promote healthy eating may not always produce the desired outcomes, according to insights from the University of Michigan Health C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital <a href="https://mottpoll.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Poll on Children’s Health</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accommodation-to-children-s-diet-preferences">Accommodation to children’s diet preferences</h2>



<p>A significant finding from the report indicates that three in five parents will prepare different meals if their child rejects the family's meal choice, demonstrating a high level of accommodation to children’s preferences.</p>



<p>Additionally, the poll reveals that one in eight parents enforces a rule requiring children to finish everything on their plate.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthy-diets-for-children">Healthy diets for children</h2>



<p>Moreover, despite recognizing that the standard American diet, rich in saturated fats and sugars, is not ideal for children, only a small proportion of parents have explored alternative, potentially healthier diets at home.</p>



<p>“Feeding young children can be challenging due to general pickiness, hesitancy to try unfamiliar foods, and constantly evolving food preferences,” said Mott Poll co-director and Mott pediatrician Susan Woolford, M.D., emphasizing the crucial nature of early childhood as a period for establishing lifelong healthy eating patterns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Parents’ concern about whether their child is eating enough or if they’re getting the nutrients they need may lead them to adopt practices that actually sabotage their efforts to get kids to have healthy eating habits in the short and long term.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-standard-american-diet-and-children-nbsp">Standard American diet and children&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The poll, based on responses from 1,083 parents of children aged 3-10 surveyed in February, provided a broad overview of parental beliefs and practices concerning their children's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-nutritional-wisdom-we-eat-what-our-body-needs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrition</a>.</p>



<p>The results revealed that a third of parents believe the standard American diet is healthy compared to half who rank the Mediterranean higher in nutritional value. However, few have tried alternative diets for their child.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-excess-intake-of-calories">Excess intake of calories</h2>



<p>“Parents may recognize the standard diet in the U.S. includes high amounts of saturated fats, added sugars, sodium, and refined carbohydrates, which can generate an excess intake of calories beyond nutritional needs and contribute to health problems,” Woolford said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“However, despite this recognition and evidence suggesting that other diet options may help avoid many illnesses, only about 9% have tried the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-keeps-the-brain-sharp-even-in-old-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean diet</a> for their children and fewer have tried giving their children a vegetarian diet.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balanced-approach-to-children-s-diets">Balanced approach to children’s diets</h2>



<p>In addition, Woolford stressed the importance of ensuring that children receive sufficient nutrition when experimenting with diets that exclude certain food groups. For instance, diets that limit animal products need to incorporate alternative protein sources like meat substitutes, tofu, or legumes.</p>



<p>The poll also explored family dining rules, which can either promote or hinder a child's healthy diet. About fifteen percent of parents enforce a rule that children must finish what’s on their plate, potentially encouraging overconsumption, particularly if portion sizes are too large.</p>



<p>Woolford advocates for a more balanced approach: “Requiring children to eat everything on their plate, or withholding dessert unless all other foods are eaten, can lead to overconsumption, especially if portion sizes are too large for the child’s age.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-offering-a-healthy-range-of-foods">Offering a healthy range of foods</h2>



<p>Instead, she supports a model where “parents provide, and the child decides.” This strategy involves parents offering a range of healthy foods and letting children decide which to eat and how much, thus respecting their natural hunger cues and preferences.</p>



<p>According to Woolford, sixty percent of parents prepare separate meals if their children reject what's served at mealtime, which often results in less nutritious alternatives.</p>



<p>“Rather than allowing the child to choose an alternate menu, parents should provide a balanced meal with at least one option that their child is typically willing to eat,” she advised.</p>



<p>Woolford also emphasizes the importance of parental modeling in dietary habits, noting that children often emulate the behaviors they observe. Moreover, avoiding snacks between meals is also likely to help children have a better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/disadvantaged-stimulate-appetite/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">appetite</a> and increase their willingness to eat offered foods.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biggest-challenges-faced-by-parents-nbsp">Biggest challenges faced by parents&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The survey confirmed that parents often face significant challenges when it comes to ensuring their children eat a healthy diet. Key issues include dealing with picky eaters, the higher cost of nutritious food, and concerns about food waste. A smaller number of parents reported that time constraints make it difficult to prepare healthy meals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-introducing-vegetables-nbsp">Introducing vegetables&nbsp;</h3>



<p>According to survey data, nearly all parents have attempted at least one strategy to encourage their children to eat vegetables, which includes daily servings, preparing vegetables in a way that appeals to their children, introducing new vegetables, and allowing children to choose vegetables during shopping.</p>



<p>Some parents also engage their children in the preparation of vegetables, incorporate vegetables into other dishes, or offer rewards for eating vegetables.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Unsurprisingly, parents said pickiness and getting kids to eat veggies were among major challenges during mealtimes,” Woolford said. “Parents should try to include children in meal decisions, avoid pressuring food consumption and provide a variety of healthy options at each meal so kids feel more control.”</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-portion-control">Portion control</h3>



<p>Portion control presents another difficulty for many parents, as properly sizing meals is crucial for preventing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-obesity-rates-spiked-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childhood obesity</a>. </p>



<p>The survey revealed that nearly 70% of parents serve their children slightly smaller portions than those given to adults, while others let children decide their portion sizes, rely on pre-measured portions, or serve children adult-sized portions.</p>



<p>To aid in appropriate portion sizing, Woolford recommends utilizing resources like the U.S. Department of Agriculture's “<a href="https://www.myplate.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MyPlate</a>,” which offers visual guidelines for balancing food groups and managing portion sizes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-unhealthy-food-options-at-the-grocery-store">Identifying unhealthy food options at the grocery store</h2>



<p>Grocery shopping is a critical starting point for healthy eating. Parents in the survey indicated that they limit their children's intake of foods with added sugars and processed ingredients. However, identifying unhealthy options can be challenging due to deceptive marketing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Parents should read labels, avoiding the marketing on the front of packages and focusing instead on the details on the back. They should pay particular attention to nutrition information and ingredient lists - especially if they’re long with unrecognizable items - as well as sodium, added sugars, and fat,” Woolford advises.</p>



<p>She also suggests making grocery shopping an educational and engaging activity for children. “Have them help in the process of choosing the healthiest options, not ones that necessarily directly advertise to children, but foods that they are willing to try that are lower in sugar, fat and salt,” she said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Spend most of the time in the produce section and try to make it fun by maybe selecting new options from different parts of the world that they haven't tried before.” This approach not only promotes healthy eating but also encourages children to explore and enjoy a variety of foods.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Feeding children healthy diets can be very challenging

While many parents of preschool and elementary-aged children aim to...

<p>A new kind of global competition is unfolding, with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-china-us-economy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">China</a> and the United States vying for dominance in the realm of emerging technologies. This fierce battle over artificial intelligence (AI), 5G networks, quantum computing, and more, will likely reshape the international balance of global tech power for decades to come.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-battlegrounds-for-global-tech-power">Battlegrounds for global tech power</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies are at the forefront of this geopolitical contest. These technologies are not just tools of economic growth but also instruments of national power and security. They include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artificial-intelligence-ai">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</h3>



<p>Imagine software that goes far beyond just following instructions. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lawless-superintelligence-zero-evidence-ai-control-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI systems</a> are designed to process vast amounts of information, identify patterns, and make predictions based on that data. </p>



<p>They can learn from experience, improving their decision-making over time. This translates to everything from better medical diagnoses to more efficient manufacturing processes, and even the potential for machines to become creative.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-5g-wireless-networks">5G  wireless networks</h3>



<p>Think of 5G as the backbone for an ultra-connected world. This next-generation wireless technology isn't just about faster phone downloads. Its real power lies in incredibly low latency (meaning minimal delays) and significantly higher capacity. </p>



<p>This could enable seamless communication between massive numbers of devices, powering things like self-driving car networks, remote surgery, and truly 'smart' cities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-computing">Quantum computing</h3>



<p>Traditional computers work with bits – the familiar ones and zeros. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum computers</a> operate on a mind-bending level, using quantum bits (or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-outperformed-new-type-traditional-computing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">qubits</a>) that take advantage of the strange behavior of particles at the atomic level. </p>



<p>This could open the door to solving incredibly complex problems that traditional computers simply can't handle. This includes revolutionizing drug development, financial modeling, and materials science.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iot-internet-of-things">IoT (Internet of things)</h3>



<p>Imagine your everyday world infused with connectivity. Not just phones and laptops, but appliances, vehicles, even your clothing becoming smart – gathering data and communicating with each other. This is the internet of things (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greener-energy-is-needed-for-the-internet-of-things/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IoT</a>).</p>



<p>It creates a web of intelligence with the potential to make our lives safer, more efficient, and more convenient, but also raises concerns about privacy and security.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-data">Big data</h3>



<p>Our digital footprints are massive. Every website visited, online purchase, even just moving around with a smartphone generates information. Big data is the science of analyzing this massive information trove. </p>



<p>It helps companies understand consumer behavior, researchers discover hidden patterns, and can potentially drive innovations in various fields. But it also raises ethical concerns about how this data is collected and used.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-china-s-power-ascends-as-global-tech-giant">China's power ascends as global tech giant</h2>



<p>China has demonstrated significant progress in these emerging technological fields. Their investments in research and development, coupled with a strategic focus on these areas, have yielded impressive results.</p>



<p>"China's growing power and expansion in emerging tech are key to driving massive shifts in technology and the geopolitical landscape," says Dr. Maria Papageorgiou from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>. </p>



<p>This rapid development has prompted a response from the United States, which is working to maintain its technological standing. The USA is actively involved in research and development efforts, while also seeking to bolster alliances with other countries to counter China's growing influence. </p>



<p>This intense competition is likely to have significant ramifications for the future trajectory of technological innovation and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-crisis-global-supply-chains-face-25-trillion-in-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global</a> balance of power.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-weapons-vs-future-convenience">Future weapons vs. future convenience</h2>



<p>The significant concern surrounding this technological competition centers on the potential military applications of these advancements. </p>



<p>Some experts worry that these powerful technologies, like artificial intelligence and advanced computing, could be weaponized, creating significant advantages for the nation that controls them. </p>



<p>For instance, China's development of sophisticated systems raises questions about their ability to potentially bypass or outmaneuver existing US defense mechanisms.</p>



<p>However, it's crucial to recognize the vast potential for civilian applications within these same emerging technologies. These advancements hold the promise of significant improvements in our daily lives. </p>



<p>From revolutionizing healthcare with AI-powered diagnostics to fostering a more interconnected world through 5G networks, the potential benefits are undeniable. </p>



<p>The key question remains: will the focus be on weaponization or harnessing these technologies for positive civilian applications? The outcome of this competition will determine which path we take and the impact it has on the global landscape.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-allies-for-global-tech-power">The power of allies for global tech power</h2>



<p>The United States recognizes the limitations of a solo approach in this technological race. To maintain its competitive edge, the USA has actively pursued the development of strategic alliances with other countries. </p>



<p>Key partners include nations like Japan and South Korea, both of which boast significant technological capabilities. This collaborative effort allows them to pool resources for research and development, accelerating innovation across various emerging technology fields.</p>



<p>However, the competition extends beyond software and algorithms. A crucial element lies in the physical infrastructure that underpins these technologies – microchips. These tiny electronic components are the brains behind modern devices, and their production capabilities are a vital battleground. </p>



<p>The USA and its allies are working together to establish a secure and reliable supply chain for microchip production, aiming to lessen dependence on other nations and maintain control over this critical resource. </p>



<p>This collaborative approach highlights the multifaceted nature of the competition, encompassing not just software and theoretical advancements, but also the physical infrastructure that makes it all possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-semiconductors-in-global-tech-landscape">Semiconductors in global tech landscape</h2>



<p>Microchips, often referred to as semiconductors, are the unsung heroes of this technological rivalry. These tiny, intricate circuits are the fundamental building blocks of modern electronics. </p>



<p>They act as the brains behind everything from smartphones and computers to advanced weaponry and medical equipment. Essentially, whoever controls the production and supply of these microchips holds significant influence in the global tech landscape.</p>



<p>This understanding has fueled intense competition between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-plans-to-inhabit-a-space-station-on-the-moon-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">China</a> and the United States. Both nations are pouring significant resources into research and development to not only improve chip design and functionality but also to establish independent and robust domestic production capabilities. This drive for self-sufficiency has led to a series of strategic maneuvers. </p>



<p>The USA, for instance, has implemented export controls to limit the flow of advanced chip technology to China. China, in response, has ramped up its own domestic production efforts and aggressively pursued acquisitions of foreign chip manufacturers. </p>



<p>These actions have heightened diplomatic tensions, as each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tracking-every-nations-contribution-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nation</a> seeks to gain an advantage in this critical sector. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-global-tech-power">Future global tech power</h2>



<p>The struggle for dominance in the microchip industry is a complex one, with far-reaching consequences for the global balance of power and technological innovation.</p>



<p>That's the million-dollar question. Will this tech race usher in a better future for everyone? Or will it lead to more division and conflict? Like most things in world politics, there's no easy answer. </p>



<p>However, one thing is certain: the technologies shaping our future are being developed right now in the heat of this competition. It's a fascinating, somewhat scary, but undeniably exciting time to be alive.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41111-024-00248-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Political Science Review</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Emerging technologies will control the global power balance

A new kind of global competition is unfolding, with China...

<p>Did you know you can read a chicken's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-can-now-decipher-the-emotional-states-of-chickens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotions</a>? It turns out our feathered friends have a surprising way of showing their feelings - their faces blush a deeper red when they're distressed. </p>



<p>A revolutionary study has confirmed this, opening up new ways to understand how chickens feel and build better relationships with them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-chickens-express-their-emotions">How do chickens express their emotions?</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chicken-psychology-birds-smart-complex/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chickens</a>, like many animals, experience a spectrum of emotions ranging from joy and excitement to frustration and fear. However, their ways of expressing these emotions differ from ours. They don't rely on facial expressions like smiling or frowning to communicate how they feel.</p>



<p>Instead, changes in chickens' facial coloration offer clues about their inner state. The skin around their faces, including the comb and wattle, is particularly sensitive. These areas maintain a lighter red hue when chickens are relaxed and content. </p>



<p>When chickens experience negative emotions, the blood flow to these areas increases significantly. This causes a visible change as their faces become flushed with a much brighter scarlet shade.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-chickens-blush">Why do chickens blush?</h2>



<p>Researchers from <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">INRAE</a> (France's National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment) embarked on a detailed investigation to decipher how a chicken's blush reveals its emotions. They focused on Sussex hens, a popular breed of laying chickens. </p>



<p>To ensure accuracy, the research team employed advanced camera technology and specialized software. This allowed them to precisely measure and analyze subtle changes in facial redness.</p>



<p>The researchers exposed hens to various stimuli and carefully documented the changes in coloration. When presented with appetizing feed such as mealworms, the hens did get a bit red but their entire face became scarlet red during negative experiences such as capture. This demonstrated a clear connection between the hens' emotional state and the intensity of their flushing.</p>



<p>Intriguingly, the study also shed light on how chickens perceive humans. Hens who had been gradually accustomed to the presence of a friendly researcher over time showed a reduced stress response. </p>



<p>This was evident in their calmer demeanor and the less intense flushing of their faces in the researcher's presence. In comparison, hens without this positive exposure exhibited a more pronounced stress response when near humans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotions-in-chickens-and-humans">Emotions in chickens and humans</h2>



<p>The ability to accurately interpret chicken emotions provides invaluable insights for farmers, animal scientists, and veterinarians. Using this knowledge, they can tailor environments and care practices to promote positive emotional states in chickens. </p>



<p>This includes minimizing stressful situations, providing opportunities for enrichment, and fostering a sense of security. Such changes in animal management can lead to improvements in overall chicken well-being and health.</p>



<p>While chickens and humans may seem worlds apart, this study highlights a shared emotional language. By learning to recognize the subtle cues chickens use to express their feelings, we can develop greater empathy and understanding towards them. </p>



<p>This awareness can promote more respectful and compassionate interactions, potentially transforming our relationship with these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zebra-finches-use-both-calls-and-vision-to-coordinate-flight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> even in backyard settings or small-scale farming.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



<p>The study serves as a springboard for numerous exciting avenues of future research. Scientists are keen to delve deeper into the diverse ways chickens might communicate their emotions.</p>



<p>Beyond facial flushing, changes in the position or movement of head feathers could hold clues to a chicken's emotional state. For instance, during moments of excitement, a hen might rapidly raise and lower her head feathers. </p>



<p>Conversely, fear or stress might be signaled by flattened or ruffled feathers. Careful observation and analysis are needed to decode this potential new emotional language.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-tech-uses-chicken-feathers-to-generate-clean-electricity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chickens</a> live within complex social structures, often with clear dominance relationships. Researchers want to understand how emotional signals play a role in these interactions. </p>



<p>For example, a dominant hen might display specific feather patterns or facial coloration changes to assert her position, while a subordinate hen might exhibit different signals to indicate submission. Understanding these nuances could unlock secrets about chicken communication and social dynamics.</p>



<p>The next time you see a chicken, take a good look at its face. Is it pale, relaxed, and content? Or is it flushed, indicating the chicken might be feeling stressed or worried?</p>



<p>Remember, our awareness and empathy can make all the difference in the lives of animals around us, even backyard chickens.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159124001163?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Applied Animal Behaviour Science</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Chickens' faces change color depending on their emotions

Did you know you can read a chicken's emotions? It...

<p>Each day, roughly 43 million Americans indulge in at least one slice of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physics-perfect-pizza/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pizza</a>, contributing an impressive $47 billion annually to the U.S. economy. A significant portion of these pizzas arrives in corrugated cardboard boxes, posing a notable challenge for waste management due to their contamination with fats, oils, and greases (FOGs). Therefore, recycling pizza boxes is essential.</p>



<p>Unfortunately, the contaminants make pizza boxes a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-recycling-day-creating-a-healthier-planet-for-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycling</a> nightmare. Delicious, cheesy slices leave a greasy residue that renders the pizza boxes unsuitable for traditional recycling processes.</p>



<p>Compounds like peanut butter and pizza box grease are also incredibly difficult to clean off, essentially relegating many of these boxes to landfills.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recycling-pizza-boxes">Recycling pizza boxes</h2>



<p>Researchers at Idaho National Laboratory (<a href="https://inl.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">INL</a>) have embarked on a mission to change this. Consequently, they've developed a new method to decontaminate cardboard, which could revolutionize recycling practices for food containers. </p>



<p>Their latest publication in the <em>Journal of Cleaner Production</em> details this breakthrough, highlighting a process that uses material separation capabilities to address the issue.</p>



<p>"To make specific separations possible, we need to first prove the overall concept of material separations, which is what this study accomplished," explained Aaron Wilson, the principal investigator for this project.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dimethyl-ether-for-pizza-box-recycling">Dimethyl ether for pizza box recycling</h2>



<p>The heart of their experiment lies in the use of dimethyl ether (DME), a green solvent known for its use in refrigeration. The team designed a system with two vertical stainless-steel reactors to facilitate the extraction and separation of FOGs from contaminated cardboard. </p>



<p>The process begins by mixing broken-down cardboard pieces with DME, which pulls the contaminants out of the cardboard. The system then <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-recycle-know-new-products/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycles</a> this solvent, allowing for continuous operation without creating waste.</p>



<p>"The reactor process allowed us to extract the contaminants into separate fractions," Wilson shared, noting the successful separation of oils, water, and dryer solids into distinct components.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pizza-box-recycling-on-the-front-lines">Pizza box recycling on the front lines</h2>



<p>The implications of this research extend beyond just cleaner recycling.  Originally part of a research initiative linked to the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) <a href="https://www.darpa.mil/program/resource" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ReSource Program</a>, the technology developed could significantly reduce the logistical footprint of military operations by transforming waste into useful resources. </p>



<p>This has potential benefits for operational security and efficiency, particularly in hostile environments where supply lines are vulnerable.</p>



<p>"Knowing that this works for the highly contaminated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creators-of-forever-chemicals-covered-up-the-toxic-dangers-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pizza boxes</a> has helped validate the system for use in the battlefield," stated Jeff Lacey, another leading researcher on the project. </p>



<p>Lacey's team is now focused on refining the technology to enhance its portability and efficiency, critical factors for deployment in military contexts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-future">Sustainable future</h2>



<p>The successful application of this technology to pizza box waste not only promotes environmental sustainability but also opens doors to myriad other applications. From converting military waste to enabling more efficient battery recycling, the potential is vast.</p>



<p>"In essence, this research has many possible applications for national security and a net-zero future," Lacey concluded.</p>



<p>This initiative represents a significant step forward in tackling the recycling challenges posed by everyday waste and could pave the way for innovative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-of-zero-waste-a-global-commitment-to-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waste management</a> solutions across various sectors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-recycling-pizza-boxes">Benefits of recycling pizza boxes</h2>



<p>Recycling pizza boxes offers substantial environmental and economic benefits that contribute to sustainability efforts. Here’s a detailed look at these advantages:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduces-waste-in-landfills">Reduces waste in landfills</h3>



<p>One of the immediate benefits of recycling pizza boxes is the reduction of waste sent to landfills. Pizza boxes are made from corrugated cardboard, which is biodegradable but can still take a considerable amount of time to decompose in landfill conditions. </p>



<p>Moreover, the presence of greases and residues can slow down this process and contribute to the production of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. By recycling, these materials are reused rather than occupying landfill space.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conserves-natural-resources">Conserves natural resources</h3>



<p>Recycling cardboard, including pizza boxes, helps conserve valuable natural resources, particularly wood fibers. The fibers in cardboard can be recycled several times before they become too short for paper production. This means that fewer trees need to be cut down to produce new cardboard, helping to preserve forests and the biodiversity within them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saves-energy">Saves energy</h3>



<p>The process of recycling cardboard uses significantly less energy than producing new cardboard from virgin pulp. Energy savings arise from reduced demands in raw material extraction, transportation, and processing. By using less energy, recycling also lowers greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prevents-pollution">Prevents pollution</h3>



<p>By recycling pizza boxes, pollution generated from the production of new cardboard is also reduced. The manufacturing of cardboard from virgin materials involves various chemical processes that can release pollutants into the air and water. Recycling helps to minimize these pollutants, leading to cleaner air and water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-benefits">Economic benefits </h3>



<p>Recycling creates more jobs than landfilling or incineration. The process of collecting, sorting, and processing recyclable materials is more labor-intensive than using these materials as a fuel source or burying them. This means more employment opportunities in the recycling and manufacturing industries.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encourages-sustainable-practices">Encourages sustainable practices</h3>



<p>Recycling pizza boxes can foster a culture of recycling and sustainability within communities. When people engage in recycling, they become more aware of their waste habits and environmental impact. This awareness can lead to broader support for other sustainable practices, such as reducing plastic use, conserving water, and supporting renewable energy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improves-community-health-and-safety">Improves community health and safety</h3>



<p>By reducing the amount of waste in landfills and decreasing pollution from new production processes, recycling helps to improve overall community health. Less landfill waste reduces potential soil and water contamination, and fewer emissions mean cleaner air and fewer respiratory issues for the community.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652623032389?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Cleaner Production</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

New recycling solution tackles greasy pizza boxes

Each day, roughly 43 million Americans indulge in at least...

<p>The tobacco industry may have found a new way to target our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-platforms-earned-11-billion-last-year-from-kids-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kids</a>, and it's hiding in plain sight. Disguised as cool vibes and social trends, a new study reveals that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-posts-are-not-a-good-representation-of-our-true-selves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a> is having a powerful influence on teen smoking initiation.</p>



<p>What seems like harmless digital content can have lasting, real-world consequences. A remarkable new study by Boston University School of Public Health (<a href="https://www.bu.edu/sph/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BUSPH</a>) sheds light on this worrying connection, demonstrating how social media use heavily influences youth habits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-media-use-and-smoking">Social media use and smoking</h2>



<p>According to the study, teens who use social media every day face a 67% higher risk of starting to smoke compared to those who use these platforms less often. This demonstrates the powerful influence social media has on youth behavior.</p>



<p>Approximately 10% of middle and high school students – a staggering 2.8 million kids – are currently using at least one tobacco product. This shockingly high number shows how successful tobacco companies are in reaching young people.</p>



<p>Moreover, e-cigarettes and vaping are making the problem even worse. Many teens now use multiple tobacco products, increasing their exposure to harmful chemicals and long-term health risks.</p>



<p>"Our results add to a growing body of literature documenting the harms of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spending-less-time-on-social-media-improves-your-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a> use for this age group, as well as how commercial interests such as the tobacco industry are targeting kids on these platforms," says study lead author Dr. Lynsie Ranker, assistant professor of community health sciences at BUSPH.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tobacco-industry-targeting-young-minds">Tobacco industry targeting young minds</h2>



<p>The tobacco industry has a long history of targeting youth, and social media is their latest weapon. Their tactics are carefully designed to appeal to and manipulate young minds.</p>



<p>Flavors like cotton candy and bubblegum in e-cigarettes are deliberately aimed at teens and young adults. These flavors mask the harshness of nicotine and make the products seem fun and harmless.</p>



<p>Moreover, by partnering with celebrities and popular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-break-can-significantly-improve-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a> influencers, they create an illusion of glamour and social acceptance around smoking and vaping. This makes these products seem desirable and trendy.</p>



<p>Images of happy groups using tobacco or vaping products create the false perception that "everyone's doing it." This taps into the natural teenage desire to feel included and can pressure teens to experiment to avoid feeling left out.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-social-media-scrolling-to-smoking">From social media scrolling to smoking</h2>



<p>The Boston University study reveals critical details about the tactics social media uses to influence teens' tobacco use. Surprisingly, teens who use social media every day are at the highest risk. </p>



<p>This underscores how repeated exposure to pro-tobacco messages and images gradually breaks down their resistance and makes smoking seem more normal.</p>



<p>Even seemingly small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-you-use-social-media-affects-your-sense-of-happiness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interactions</a>, like liking or following a tobacco brand's page, increases a teen's risk of trying tobacco. These actions make teens more receptive to the idea of smoking, slowly changing their perception of the product.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influencers-and-social-norming">Influencers and "social norming"</h2>



<p>As discussed, social media often presents a highly edited and unrealistic view of the world. When teens constantly see their peers or favorite influencers seemingly enjoying tobacco products without consequences, it has a dangerous impact.</p>



<p>This constant exposure normalizes tobacco use. It makes smoking and vaping seem like harmless everyday activities rather than a serious health risk.</p>



<p>Images of others seemingly having fun while using tobacco can trigger FOMO (Fear Of Missing Out) in teens. This powerful emotion can push teens to experiment with tobacco just to feel like they belong to the perceived "in" crowd.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-is-responsible">Who is responsible?</h2>



<p>"It is not surprising that tobacco manufacturers target youth through social media,” says study coauthor Dr. Traci Hong, professor of media science at Boston University College of Communication.</p>



<p>Currently, the burden of regulating tobacco promotion on social media is largely left up to the platforms themselves. This has resulted in a confusing patchwork of policies that tobacco companies are all too adept at exploiting.</p>



<p>"Based on our research, social media platforms lack self-regulation,” says study coauthor Dr. Jessica Fetterman, assistant professor of medicine at Boston University <a href="https://www.bumc.bu.edu/camed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine</a>. "The government must step forward to regulate tobacco marketing on social media, just as they have done for other forms of media such as TV and print ads.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-stop-teens-on-social-media-from-smoking">How to stop teens on social media from smoking?</h2>



<p>We can't place the entire burden on legislation. Here's what parents, educators, and teens themselves can do:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-talk-openly">Talk openly</h3>



<p>Equipping our teens with the knowledge and tools to resist social media manipulation is crucial. Don't wait until you suspect a problem. Begin talking to teens about the dangers of tobacco use, including cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and vaping products, well before they enter their teenage years.</p>



<p>Provide teens with accurate information about the addictive nature of tobacco and the serious health risks associated with its use. Highlight the long-term consequences like lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems.</p>



<p>Practice how teens can politely decline social pressure to experiment with tobacco. Role-playing potential situations and responses can empower them to make healthy choices.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-media-literacy-nbsp">Media literacy&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Help teens understand that not everything they see on social media is real, honest, or unbiased. Teach them to be savvy consumers of online content by asking themselves these key questions:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Who created this content?</strong> Is it an individual, a brand, an influencer, a news organization, etc.? Understanding the source helps evaluate potential motives.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>What is the purpose?</strong> Are they trying to sell something, promote an idea, entertain, or inform? Identifying the purpose reveals possible biases.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>How does this make me feel?</strong> Does the content make you feel insecure, excited, happy, or afraid? Strong emotions can be a sign of manipulation.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Does this seem realistic?</strong> Is the content portraying situations or lifestyles that seem overly perfect or dramatic? Perfection is often a sign of staging, not reality.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Where else can I find information?</strong> Encourage teens to cross-check facts on reputable news sites, government health websites (.gov), or educational organizations (.org) to see if the information aligns.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-find-alternative-connections">Find alternative connections</h3>



<p>While social media can offer a form of connection, it cannot replace the value of genuine, face-to-face interactions. Sports teams, clubs, and activities provide a space for teens to meet others with shared interests. This fosters deeper friendships based on real connections, common experiences, and shared goals.</p>



<p>Focusing on in-person activities helps combat the feelings of loneliness and isolation that can result from excessive social media use.</p>



<p>Face-to-face interactions are essential for developing crucial communication skills like reading body language, resolving conflict, and having meaningful conversations – skills that don't always translate well online.</p>



<p>Feeling part of a team, contributing to a group project, or performing in front of an audience can all build confidence and self-worth – something that isn't as easily achieved through social media likes and comments.</p>



<p>Physical activity, creative pursuits, and shared hobbies offer healthy ways to manage stress and promote overall well-being.</p>



<p>Developing a healthy skepticism of online content takes time and practice. Encourage teens to have these conversations with friends, teachers, and parents as they navigate social media. Let's help our youth be smarter than the algorithms designed to manipulate them.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460324000492?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Addictive Behaviors</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Daily social media use makes teens more likely to start smoking

The tobacco industry may have found a new way to...

<p>Are you a parent who sometimes feels lonely, isolated, and burned out? You're not the only one. A new survey from the Ohio State University <a href="https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wexner Medical Center</a> reveals an epidemic of parental loneliness. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-spend-the-most-time-on-devices-but-nature-offers-a-solution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Parents</a> might miss the "small talk" and casual conversations that validate their parenting experiences. Fortunately, there are ways to combat the loneliness and connect with similar people.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lonely-parents-epidemic">Lonely parents epidemic</h2>



<p>According to the research, 66% of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-top-concerns-of-parents-as-kids-return-to-school/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parents</a> feel that parenthood can be isolating and lonely. This means that more than half of all parents experience times when they feel cut off from others and lacking in social connection. This feeling can be incredibly difficult, especially while navigating the demands of raising children.</p>



<p>Moreover, 62% of parents experience burnout. Over half of parents experience extreme exhaustion – physically, mentally, and emotionally – stemming from their parenting responsibilities. It's a sign that parents are being stretched too thin.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-both-physical-and-mental-health-is-impacted">Both physical and mental health is impacted</h2>



<p>38% of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-debt-new-parents-lose-two-months-of-sleep-in-a-babys-first-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parents</a> feel unsupported in their parenting role. More than a third of parents feel they don't have a strong network of people to turn to for help, advice, or simply a listening ear. That lack of support adds another layer of stress to parenthood.</p>



<p>79% of parents want to connect with others outside of work and home. The overwhelming majority of parents are actively seeking ways to build bonds with other adults – to find community, share experiences, and feel less alone in their parenting journey.</p>



<p>"Loneliness has been shown to affect both your physical and mental health. So anything from cardiovascular disease to depression, anxiety, cognitive decline, even your immune system can be affected when you’re lonely, said Kate Gawlik, a researcher on parental burnout and mother of four. </p>



<p>"In fact, one study showed if you are in social isolation for a prolonged amount of time, it’s equivalent to smoking about 15 cigarettes a day," she continued.</p>



<p>Clearly, prioritizing connection in parenthood has a huge payoff for our well-being!</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-for-lonely-parents">Community for lonely parents</h2>



<p>One of the most effective ways to combat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-play-a-crucial-role-in-the-evolution-of-intelligence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parental</a> loneliness is by finding community – a place where parents can connect with others who truly understand their experiences.</p>



<p>Kate Gawlik's six-week parenting program is a great example of this type of community. Within these groups, parents are encouraged to open up about their challenges, their frustrations, and even their failures. This shared vulnerability creates a safe space where parents can feel seen, heard, and supported.</p>



<p>“I think the biggest thing is she validated that if you’re working and you have children and you’re a conscientious parent, it would be wild if you weren’t burned out. So I felt very validated when she said, “It’s okay that you’re here,” expressed Anne Helms, a mother of two young children in Columbus, Ohio.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-community-building-help-lonely-parents">How does community building help lonely parents?</h2>



<p>The research highlights a crucial aspect of fighting loneliness: finding people who understand what you're going through. Here's why it's so important:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-relatability-helps">Relatability helps</h3>



<p>Loneliness often comes with a deep sense of being misunderstood – the feeling that your struggles are unique and invisible to others. It's like you're shouting into the void, and no one hears you.</p>



<p>But when you connect with someone facing similar challenges, a remarkable shift occurs. Suddenly, your experiences are reflected back at you. Your worries, frustrations, and even your moments of doubt are echoed in another person's words. </p>



<p>This creates a profound feeling of recognition. You're no longer alone in your struggles; there's someone else standing right beside you on the same difficult path.</p>



<p>This mirroring of experiences chips away at that invisible wall of isolation. It replaces the feeling of being profoundly different with the comforting knowledge that even in our unique circumstances, the core of human experience is shared.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lonely-parents-need-validation">Lonely parents need validation</h3>



<p>Loneliness often makes us question our own emotions. We might feel ashamed of our struggles, worry they're a sign of weakness, or believe that we're the only ones experiencing such difficulties.</p>



<p>When someone says, "I get it, I've felt that too," it's incredibly powerful. It's as if an invisible weight is lifted. Suddenly, those emotions you've been carrying alone don't seem as strange or overwhelming. They shift from a sign of being "abnormal" to a normal and shared part of the human experience.</p>



<p>This validation is essential because it fights the core of loneliness – the sense of being disconnected and different. When someone accepts your experiences without judgment, they create a space where you can feel seen and understood. This acceptance helps alleviate the isolating belief that no one else could possibly understand what you're going through.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-helping-lonely-parents-feel-empowered">Helping lonely parents feel empowered</h3>



<p>One of the most empowering aspects of overcoming parental loneliness is the realization that you're not alone. Sharing experiences with others facing similar struggles creates a sense of collective strength, where parents can draw on each other's resilience and find support. </p>



<p>This sharing of experiences also leads to practical solutions. Parents can learn new coping mechanisms, discover helpful resources, and gain fresh perspectives on common challenges. </p>



<p>Ultimately, it breaks the cycle of doubt that loneliness often fuels. By hearing others overcome similar difficulties, parents see firsthand that challenges are a normal part of the journey. This fosters a sense of "we can do this" – a belief in their ability to face obstacles and emerge stronger. </p>



<p>In essence, overcoming parental loneliness isn't just about feeling better; it's about feeling empowered. It's about building a supportive network that acknowledges the challenges of parenthood and equips parents with the tools and confidence to thrive.</p>



<p>“I think it equips us to create better futures for our children; I think it makes us healthier. I think that the ripple effect from connecting with other parents and getting support when you need it is immeasurable. It makes you a better employee. It makes you a better spouse, parent, friend. I think that it just enriches our lives … just like parenting does, but it just makes you level up.” said Anne Helms. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-action-steps-for-parents-how-to-break-the-loneliness-cycle">Action steps for parents: How to break the loneliness cycle</h2>



<p>If you're feeling the weight of parental isolation, taking action can make a huge difference. Here's how to break the cycle and start connecting:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-think-outside-the-box">Think outside the box </h3>



<p>"Parenting groups" might be the first thing that comes to mind, but don't limit yourself! </p>



<p>Consider your interests and look for communities around those. Do you enjoy reading? Join a book club. Interested in fitness? Check out parent-and-child exercise classes. Love a particular sport? </p>



<p>Seek out recreational leagues where parents can connect on the sidelines. The key is finding places with built-in opportunities for interaction.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-be-brave-take-the-initiative">Be brave, take the initiative</h3>



<p>It might feel intimidating to reach out to new people, but remember that other parents might be feeling just as lonely. Schedule a playdate with that mom from daycare you haven't gotten to know yet. </p>



<p>Strike up a conversation with another parent at the park. These small steps matter and your vulnerability can encourage others to connect as well.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-don-t-forget-about-yourself">Don't forget about yourself</h3>



<p>Self-care isn't just a buzzword; it's a necessity. Even 10 minutes of quiet time, a relaxing bath, or a walk in nature can make a huge difference in how you cope with stress. When you feel less overwhelmed, you have more energy to invest in building connections with others.</p>



<p>“Parenting can feel very lonely at times, but it will be easier if you have people around who can support you. It can be hard to start seeking out connections because, to some degree, you will have to be vulnerable and, sometimes, it will take time and effort. But just take the first step,” explained Gawlik.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Parents often feel lonely and burnt out from parenting demands

Are you a parent who sometimes feels lonely, isolated, and...

<p>Serious wine aficionados often rave about the distinctive flavors in their favorite beverages, attributing the unique tastes to the soil in which the grapes are grown. This concept, known as terroir, refers to how a region's natural environment - including its soil, climate, and topography - influence the flavor of wine. </p>



<p>But what about other crops? Can the microscopic organisms in the soil also play a role in determining the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-trained-an-ai-algorithm-to-taste-wine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flavors</a> of the foods we eat?</p>



<p>In a pioneering study, former PhD student Corrine Walsh and CIRES fellow Noah Fierer led researchers in exploring this intriguing question. The analysis was focused on one particular aspect of plant flavor: the spiciness of mustard seeds. </p>



<p>"I thought that was an interesting question," said Walsh. "We know <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-microbes-in-tea-roots-grow-tastier-healthier-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a> and plants communicate via chemicals - could those chemicals impact plant flavor?"</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-digging-deeper-soil-microbes-and-food-flavor">Digging deeper: Soil microbes and food flavor</h2>



<p>Previous studies have shown that soil characteristics significantly affect plant growth, disease resistance, and nutrient uptake. However, due to the complexities involved in isolating these effects, researchers have largely left the potential influence of soil microbes on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/old-trick-turns-plant-based-cheese-into-something-that-actually-tastes-good/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant flavor</a> unexplored.</p>



<p>"It is often claimed that the types of microbes found in soil should influence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cyber-agriculture-tastier-crops/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crop flavor</a>," Fierer noted, highlighting the difficulties in studying soil microbes.</p>



<p>To address this, Walsh and Fierer employed a unique method. They conducted a greenhouse experiment, growing mustard plants with a liquid inoculum of microbes sourced from various Colorado environments, including aspen groves, sagebrush fields, ponderosa pine forests, and agricultural pastures.</p>



<p>To ensure that only the microbial variables were altered, the researchers maintained consistent conditions such as potting soil, temperature, watering, and nutrients.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-spice-of-life-why-mustard">The spice of life: Why mustard?</h2>



<p>The researchers chose mustard for its simplicity to grow and its relevance in the Brassica family, known for producing vegetables with distinct spicy and bitter flavors like broccoli, cabbage, and horseradish.</p>



<p>These flavors primarily stem from glucosinolates, chemicals that defend the plants against pests and diseases. </p>



<p>"When you cook them they have that kind of sulfury smell. The glucosinolates have a sulfur compound in them, and that's what you're smelling when you cook," noted Walsh.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-quest-for-spicy-seeds">The quest for spicy seeds</h2>



<p>After harvesting, the researchers analyzed the mustard seeds for glucosinolate concentrations to measure their spiciness, instead of subjecting them to taste tests.</p>



<p>Although the experiment faced challenges due to the changing nature of the microbiomes, it revealed a connection between the microbiome and seed chemistry. However, the specifics of this relationship, including the direction and mechanisms, remain unclear.</p>



<p>Walsh reflected on the complexity of controlling biological variables. "The way the microbiomes diverged over time throughout the experiment made it hard to test some of our hypotheses of microbes affecting flavor," she said. "We found a relationship, but the direction and mechanism of that relationship remain unknown."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-flavors-the-potential-of-microbial-probiotics">Future flavors: The potential of microbial probiotics</h2>



<p>Despite these challenges, the study provided preliminary evidence that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-microbes-disease-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil microbes</a> might influence the spiciness of mustard seeds. </p>



<p>This discovery opens up exciting possibilities for using microbial "probiotics" to enhance other crop properties, such as drought resistance and productivity, potentially impacting flavor as well.</p>



<p>The research marks an important step in understanding the complex interactions between soil microbes and plant flavors.</p>



<p>"We do now know that microbes are worth considering in this venue. There is excitement about using microbial inoculants to do other things for crops," said Walsh. </p>



<p>This ongoing exploration of microbial influence not only broadens our understanding of agriculture but also hints at future innovations in enhancing the flavors of our favorite foods.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Soil and food flavor</h2>



<p>The soil in which food crops are grown can significantly influence their flavor. This effect is due to various factors, including the soil's mineral composition, pH level, organic matter content, and moisture levels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These elements affect how the plants absorb <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-proteins-that-control-nutrient-uptake-in-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrients</a> and develop their compounds, which in turn can influence their taste, aroma, and nutritional value.</p>



<p>Certain minerals like selenium, zinc, and magnesium can enhance specific flavors in crops. In addition, the acidity or alkalinity of soil can affect how well plants take up nutrients, altering flavor profiles.</p>



<p>Furthermore, rich organic soil often leads to stronger, more robust flavors in vegetables and fruits.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.19708" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Phytologist</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Soil microbes may shape the flavor of food

Serious wine aficionados often rave about the distinctive flavors in...

<p>For centuries, desert travelers have relied on oases as life-giving sanctuaries. These pockets of green have sustained communities, fueled trade, and sparked imaginations. Yet, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thriving-reefs-oases-corals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oases</a> are under pressure. New research exposes the delicate balance between human intervention and natural forces such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pastoralists-desertification-sahara/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a> shaping the fate of these vital ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-an-oasis">What is an oasis?</h2>



<p>An oasis isn't simply a desert mirage. It's a distinct, well-defined area where vegetation thrives, contrasting sharply with the surrounding arid landscapes. This extraordinary phenomenon is made possible by a dependable water source, which could be:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Groundwater:</strong>&nbsp;Underground water that reaches the surface, creating a natural spring or well.</li>



<li><strong>Mountain runoff:</strong>&nbsp;Water from rain or melting snow that flows down from higher elevations, gathering in low-lying desert areas.</li>
</ul>



<p>Despite covering only a tiny fraction (around 1.5%) of our planet's land area, oases play a disproportionately important role. They provide essential resources and support around 10% of the world's population, offering a lifeline in otherwise harsh, dry environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-efforts-to-expand-oasis">Human efforts to expand oasis</h2>



<p>Recent research offers a surprising insight into the changing nature of oases. Counterintuitively, between 1995 and 2020, the total area of oases worldwide increased by a staggering 85,000 square miles. While this might seem like a positive development, there's a crucial caveat. </p>



<p>The majority of this expansion is not a natural phenomenon but the result of deliberate human intervention. Here's how it happens:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-scale-irrigation-projects">Large-scale irrigation projects</h3>



<p>Governments and private entities embark on ambitious projects to divert water from rivers, lakes, or drill deep wells to tap into underground aquifers. This water is then channeled into desert regions, transforming them into artificially-created oases.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-intensive-agriculture">Water-intensive agriculture</h3>



<p>The primary objective of many artificial <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/heart-shaped-oasis-on-the-nile-river/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oases</a> is to support agriculture in otherwise barren areas. This involves growing crops that may not be naturally suited to arid environments, leading to high water demands.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urbanization-and-development">Urbanization and development</h3>



<p>In some cases, artificial oases are created to support urban growth or industrial development in desert regions. These projects often require substantial and ongoing water resources.</p>



<p>However, the crucial issue with artificial oasis expansion lies in its potential unsustainability. These projects often rely on water sources that are either finite or overexploited. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-desertification-and-oases">Desertification and oases</h2>



<p>On the flip side, a relentless process called <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a> poses a severe threat to oases. Desertification is the gradual transformation of fertile land into barren desert, often caused by factors such as climate change, overgrazing, and unsustainable water use. Desertification has led to the loss of approximately 52,000 square miles of oases during the same 25-year period.</p>



<p>“Although the scientific community has always emphasized the importance of oases, there has not been a clear map of the global distribution of oases,” said Dongwei Gui, a geoscientist at the <a href="https://english.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Science</a> who led the study.</p>



<p>“Oasis research has both theoretical and practical significance for achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and promoting sustainable development in arid regions.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-net-result-of-desertification-precarious-oases-growth">Net result of desertification: Precarious oases growth</h2>



<p>At first glance, the expansion of oases might seem like a promising development – a victory against harsh desert conditions. However, a closer examination paints a far more complex and worrying picture. While the total area of oases has increased by approximately 33,400 square miles, this net growth masks a deeper problem. </p>



<p>Much of the recent growth in oasis areas is a direct result of artificial expansion projects. These human-made oases mask simultaneous losses of natural oases due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sand-and-dust-storms-have-become-unpredictable-and-dangerous/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a>.</p>



<p>Many artificial oases depend on unsustainable water practices. This includes tapping into rapidly depleting groundwater sources or diverting water from ecosystems that rely on those rivers or lakes for their own survival. It's a trade-off, sacrificing one area for the short-term growth of another.</p>



<p>This reliance on unsustainable water use casts a long shadow on the future of these oases. As water resources dwindle and ecosystems are disrupted, the artificial expansion will become increasingly difficult to maintain. The very existence of these oases becomes precarious.</p>



<p>The net growth figure, while seemingly positive, hides a troubling reality. It underscores the delicate and vulnerable nature of these ecosystems and raises serious questions about whether this artificial expansion is simply a short-term solution with potentially devastating long-term consequences.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-we-save-oases-from-desertification">Why do we save oases from desertification?</h2>



<p>Oases serve as irreplaceable havens in the world's drylands. They:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-provide-essential-water">Provide essential water</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Drinking and domestic needs:</strong>&nbsp;Oases serve as primary water sources for communities living within them, fulfilling basic human needs.</li>



<li><strong>Farming:</strong>&nbsp;Irrigation from oases enables agriculture even in arid regions, providing food and supporting local economies.</li>



<li><strong>Livestock:</strong>&nbsp;Oases provide water to animals raised for sustenance or livelihood, crucial for pastoral and nomadic populations.</li>



<li><strong>Industry and development:</strong>&nbsp;Some oases support small-scale industries or other development projects that depend on access to water.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support-biodiversity">Support biodiversity</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Unique habitats:</strong>&nbsp;Oases create distinct micro-ecosystems within harsh desert environments, allowing specialized plants and animals to flourish.</li>



<li><strong>Endemic species:</strong>&nbsp;Some oases harbor plants and animals found nowhere else on Earth, contributing to global biodiversity.</li>



<li><strong>Migratory stopovers:</strong>&nbsp;Oases act as vital resting and refueling points for migratory birds and other wildlife traveling through arid regions.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-offer-resilience-against-climate-change">Offer resilience against climate change</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Buffers against drought:</strong>&nbsp;Oases can provide water and sustenance during extended periods of drought, offering respite to both people and wildlife.</li>



<li><strong>Microclimates:</strong>&nbsp;The vegetation and water presence in oases can create slightly cooler and more humid conditions locally, mitigating the harshness of the desert climate.</li>



<li><strong>Adaptation strategies:</strong>&nbsp;Traditional oasis management practices may offer valuable lessons for adapting to water scarcity and climate change in wider regions.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oases-are-under-attack-on-multiple-fronts">Oases are under attack on multiple fronts </h2>



<ul>
<li><strong>Overexploitation of groundwater:</strong>&nbsp;As discussed, excessive pumping of groundwater for irrigation or other needs can deplete aquifers faster than they naturally recharge, endangering the long-term survival of the oasis.</li>



<li><strong>Climate change:</strong>&nbsp;Rising temperatures increase evaporation rates, making water scarcity even more severe. Changing rainfall patterns can disrupt the delicate water balance that sustains oases.</li>



<li><strong>Loss of glaciers:</strong>&nbsp;Glacier meltwater is a lifeline for many oases. As glaciers retreat due to climate change, this essential water source diminishes, threatening the oasis's future.</li>
</ul>



<p>“While higher temperatures increase glacier melt, temporarily boosting oases’ water supplies, as glaciers gradually disappear, the yield of meltwater will eventually decrease, leading to the shrinkage of oases once again,” Gui said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oases-and-desertification">Oases and desertification</h2>



<p>The delicate state of our oases demands a transformative approach. Here's what we can do:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Sustainable water management:</strong>&nbsp;Promote water conservation, efficient irrigation techniques, and find ways to replenish groundwater sources.</li>



<li><strong>Ecological land use:</strong>&nbsp;Halt destructive practices like overgrazing and support traditional land management that works in harmony with nature.</li>



<li><strong>International cooperation:</strong>&nbsp;Many rivers cross borders, and oases depend on them. Countries must work together to protect vital water resources.</li>
</ul>



<p>“Due to the unique mechanism of oasis formation, a river basin often nurtures multiple oases across several countries, making transboundary cooperation key to addressing water scarcity and promoting sustainable development,” Gui said.</p>



<p>Oases represent extraordinary resilience. In the face of harsh conditions, they offer life and beauty. Yet, their future hangs in the balance. By understanding the intricate dynamics shaping them and embracing sustainable practices, we have the power to safeguard these fragile wonders for generations to come.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023EF004086" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Earth's Future</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Oases face severe threats from desertification

For centuries, desert travelers have relied on oases as life-giving...

<p>For the first time since November 2023, <a href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA’s Voyager 1</a> spacecraft has started transmitting useful data back to Earth about the status and functionality of its onboard systems. </p>



<p>The mission team is now preparing for the spacecraft to resume sending back scientific data. Voyager 1, along with its sibling Voyager 2, are the only spacecraft to venture into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-received-laser-communication-from-10-million-miles-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interstellar space</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-malfunction-in-voyager-s-computers">Malfunction in Voyager's computers</h2>



<p>Voyager 1 had ceased transmitting intelligible science and engineering data on November 14, 2023. Although the spacecraft appeared to be receiving instructions and operating as expected, the data it sent back was unreadable.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In March, the engineering team at NASA’s <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) in Southern California diagnosed the problem as being related to a malfunction in one of the spacecraft’s three onboard computers, specifically the flight data subsystem (FDS). This system is responsible for organizing the science and engineering data before it is sent to Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resurgence-of-voyager-data">Resurgence of Voyager data</h2>



<p>The resurgence of data transmission in April 2024 was met with celebrations by the Voyager team at JPL. The malfunction was traced back to a single memory chip within the FDS that had failed.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This chip was crucial as it held part of the FDS's memory, including segments of its software code, essential for processing the data sent to Earth.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With the chip non-functional and irreplaceable, the team attempted to reassign the code to different parts of the FDS memory. However, no single section of the memory was sufficiently large to accommodate the entire code.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-retrieving-the-voyager-data">Process of retrieving the Voyager data</h2>



<p>The solution involved fragmenting the code into smaller segments and reallocating these across several memory locations. This intricate process required adjustments to ensure the fragmented code could operate seamlessly as a whole. This also involved updating references to the code’s location in the FDS memory.</p>



<p>The focus initially was on the segment of the code responsible for collating the spacecraft’s engineering data. This was successfully relocated within the FDS memory on April 18. Given Voyager 1's immense distance - over 15 billion miles (24 billion kilometers) from Earth - it takes about 22 ½ hours for a signal to travel from Earth to the spacecraft and another 22 ½ hours for the response to return.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enduring-missions">Enduring missions</h2>



<p>When communications were reestablished on April 20, the team confirmed that the adjustments were successful, marking the first time in five months that they could verify the spacecraft's operational health and status.</p>



<p>In the upcoming weeks, the Voyager team plans to reposition and modify the remaining sections of the FDS software, which are crucial for resuming the transmission of scientific data.</p>



<p>Meanwhile, <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/voyager-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Voyager 2</a> remains fully functional. Launched more than 46 years ago, the Voyager spacecraft - both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 - are the most enduring and farthest-traveling spacecraft ever launched. Prior to entering interstellar space, each spacecraft conducted flybys of Jupiter and Saturn, with Voyager 2 also visiting Uranus and Neptune.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-voyager-mission">More about the Voyager mission</h2>



<p>The NASA Voyager mission consists of two spacecraft, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, which were launched in 1977 to explore the outer solar system and beyond. The primary goal of the mission was to take advantage of a rare planetary alignment that allowed for a grand tour of the outer planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This alignment occurs only once every 176 years, and the mission's timing capitalized on this to extend our knowledge of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alien-worlds-unraveling-the-mysteries-of-exoplanets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distant worlds</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-voyager-1">Voyager 1</h3>



<p>Voyager 1's trajectory took it past Jupiter in March 1979 and Saturn in November 1980, providing detailed images and data on the planets and their moons. After its encounter with Saturn, Voyager 1's path was adjusted so it would pass close to Saturn's moon Titan and then head out of the solar system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-voyager-2">Voyager 2</h3>



<p>Voyager 2, on a longer trajectory, passed Jupiter in July 1979, Saturn in August 1981, Uranus in January 1986, and Neptune in August 1989. Each flyby yielded significant scientific discoveries, including the first detailed images of these planets' atmospheres, magnetic fields, rings, and numerous moons.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interstellar-space">Interstellar space</h3>



<p>After completing their primary missions, both Voyagers continued into the heliosheath - the outermost layer of the heliosphere where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-solar-wind-which-creates-beautiful-auroras-on-earth-is-now-less-mysterious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar wind</a> is slowed by the pressure of interstellar gas. Voyager 1 entered interstellar space in August 2012, making it the first human-made object to do so. Voyager 2 followed into interstellar space in November 2018.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-communication-nbsp">Ongoing communication&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Despite their vast distance from Earth, the Voyagers continue to communicate with the NASA Deep Space Network to send back scientific data.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This enduring mission has expanded our understanding of the heliosphere and provides unique insights into the nature of the interstellar space beyond our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-delicate-balance-of-our-solar-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a>. </p>



<p>The spacecraft carry a golden record containing sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth, intended as a message for any intelligent extraterrestrial life that might find them.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Voyager 1 resumes sending data to Earth from interstellar space

For the first time since November 2023, NASA’s Voyager 1...

<p>In the Solomon Islands, a team of scientists led by the <a href="https://www.unimelb.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Melbourne</a> has identified a swift and unusual type of evolutionary change among local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolutionary-secrets-how-bat-teeth-adapted-to-their-diverse-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bat</a> populations. The experts suggest that two distinct groups of leaf-nosed bats, initially thought to be different species due to their significant size differences, are actually proof of a rare case of parallel evolution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-different-sizes-similar-dna">Different sizes, similar DNA</h2>



<p>Although these two species share the same environment, they have independently developed similar traits. The smaller species, <em>Hipposideros diadema</em>, is widespread, inhabiting not only the Solomon Islands but also regions in Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea, and northern Australia. In contrast, the larger species, named <em>Hipposideros dinops</em> or the Fierce Leaf-Nosed Bat in 1905, is exclusive to the Solomon Islands.</p>



<p>“Although they are very different sizes, the bats’ DNA is very similar. They use very different sonar frequencies, they probably eat different food, and even when they live in the same cave together they don’t interbreed. That is why no one has ever really questioned whether they were different species,” explained lead author Tyrone Lavery, a mammalogist at the University of Melbourne.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-evolution-of-larger-bodied-bats">Rapid evolution of larger-bodied bats</h2>



<p>According to the scientists, despite their independent origins, each group of larger bats has evolved to look the same, averaging more than double the weight of the small bat. “Our research suggests the rapid and repeated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vampire-bats-live-blood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> of larger bodied bats from smaller bats, each happening independently on separate islands,” said Lavery.</p>



<p>“When we created family trees using the bats’ DNA, we found that what we thought was just one species of large bat in the Solomon Islands was actually a case where bigger bats had evolved from the smaller species multiple times across different islands.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parallel-bat-evolution-nbsp">Parallel bat evolution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This phenomenon of parallel evolution, where separated populations of the same species evolve similar traits in similar environments, is exceedingly rare and seldomly observed in real-time, especially among mammals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts suggest that these larger bats might be evolving to exploit food sources not accessible to their smaller counterparts, although they are theoretically capable of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interbreeding-survival-early-elephants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interbreeding</a>.</p>



<p>“Something very strong is pushing or selecting for these big bats, and it is strong enough for it to happen multiple times on different islands. We think these larger bats might be evolving to take advantage of prey that the smaller bats aren’t eating. Although they could probably interbreed, they don’t for some reason,” Lavery said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-dietary-preferences-nbsp">Diverse dietary preferences&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The differences in sonar frequencies between the groups suggest diverse dietary preferences, with the larger bats likely targeting bigger prey such as larger insects or even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-frog-day-addressing-environmental-threats-to-frogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a>. </p>



<p>The study, which included measuring 103 bat specimens from various international museums, confirmed no overlap in body size between the two groups, reinforcing their distinct developments despite genetic similarities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-islands-and-bat-evolution">Islands and bat evolution</h2>



<p>According to Lavery, this pattern of parallel evolution in leaf-nosed bats has been observed in the Solomon Islands on Guadalcanal and in the Western Province, but more research is needed to see if the same pattern occurs on other islands.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We may think of evolution as a very slow process, but it can happen rapidly when the conditions are right and two groups are separated and stop interbreeding. They can begin to evolve on different pathways,” he said.</p>



<p>“Islands are famous for helping us to observe and understand the processes for how species evolve in real time. They’re also places that are very vulnerable to the types of disturbance that humans create. It’s important that we look after these incredible landscapes in Solomon Islands before we lose these stories even before we find them,” he concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-bat-evolution">More about bat evolution</h2>



<p>Bats represent a remarkable example of mammalian evolution, having developed unique adaptations that allow them to thrive across diverse environments globally. The evolution of bats is particularly notable for their development of flight and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-share-social-information-through-echolocation-calls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">echolocation</a>, which have played crucial roles in their ability to occupy ecological niches that other mammals cannot.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-bats">Early bats</h3>



<p>The fossil record suggests that bats first appeared at least 50 million years ago during the Eocene epoch. These early bats already possessed the wing structures necessary for flight, indicating that their ability to fly evolved quite rapidly in evolutionary terms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This quick adaptation to flight is believed to have significantly contributed to their global spread and diversification.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-echolocation">Echolocation</h3>



<p>Echolocation, the ability to navigate and find food using sound waves, is another key evolutionary development in bats, although it is not universal among all bat species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Echolocation likely developed after flight, with different bat species evolving this ability independently. This suggests a strong evolutionary pressure to optimize feeding strategies in dark environments, like night skies or dense forests.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-convergent-evolution">Convergent evolution</h3>



<p>Molecular studies have provided insights into bat phylogeny, showing that bats are divided into two main suborders: the largely <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-fruit-bats-suffer-no-consequences-from-their-high-sugar-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fruit-eating</a> megabats and the echolocating microbats. </p>



<p>Interestingly, some megabats have also developed echolocation, albeit through different mechanisms than microbats, showcasing convergent evolution - where different species independently evolve similar traits.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-morphological-changes-and-diet">Morphological changes and diet</h3>



<p>Bats have also adapted to a wide range of dietary preferences, from insects and fruit to vertebrates and blood, each adaptation allowing bats to exploit new or underserved ecological niches. </p>



<p>These dietary adaptations are accompanied by morphological changes, such as tooth and jaw structure, digestive enzymes, and flight adaptations, enabling them to specialize and thrive.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpae039" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Evolution</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Rare type of parallel evolution found in island bats

In the Solomon Islands, a team of scientists led by...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

IMAGE OF THE DAY

EARTHPEDIA LATEST ARTICLES

LATEST NEWS

EXPLORE
PLANTS

EXPLORE
ANIMALS

WEEK'S TOP VIDEOS

WEEK'S TOP IMAGES